Week 5 ish

Here are your flashcards:

The Nineteenth-Century Transition

Q: What major political movement characterized the 1800s?

A: Nationalism.

Q: What countries were born from 19th-century nationalism?

A: Italy, Germany, and Belgium.

Q: What was the dominant musical style in the 19th century?

A: A combination of European classical genres (symphony, sonata, opera, concerto) with local character.

The Birth of Modern Latin America

Q: What inspired Latin America’s independence movements?

A: The U.S. independence from Britain.

Q: What was the goal of Latin American revolutionaries?

A: To become republics free of Spanish and Portuguese rule.

Q: What happened in the 1820s regarding Latin American independence?

A: Wars for freedom; Spain granted independence to most colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Q: How did Brazil gain independence?

A: Peacefully, as the Portuguese monarchy fled from Napoleon, allowing Brazil to rule independently.

Mexico

Q: How did Spanish rule impact Mexico?

A: It left a lasting influence on language, religion, and culture.

Q: Why did the U.S. covet Northern Mexico?

A: For the expansion of slavery.

Q: What battle took place on May 5, 1862?

A: The Battle of Puebla.

Q: What happened in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)?

A: The U.S. provoked war, and Mexico lost 40% of its territory.

Manuel Ponce (1882-1948)

Q: Who was Manuel Ponce?

A: A Mexican composer and pianist, a pioneer in late-Romantic and early Modern music.

Q: How did Ponce incorporate Mexican culture into his music?

A: He studied and imitated local music.

Q: What is Concierto del Sur known for?

A: Its nationalist elements, including guitar and Spanish harmonies.

Q: Who was Andres Segovia?

A: A guitarist and close friend of Ponce who interpreted his works.

Carlos Chávez (1899-1978)

Q: Who was Carlos Chávez?

A: Mexico’s leading 20th-century composer and a student of Ponce.

Q: What was Chávez’s musical style?

A: Celebrated Mexico’s indigenous culture, similar to Diego Rivera’s art.

Q: What is Sinfonia India?

A: A symphony using Native melodies and indigenous instruments.

Silvestre Revueltas (1899-1940)

Q: What was Revueltas known for?

A: Avant-garde, experimental compositions with pre-Columbian and African influences.

Q: What is Sensemaya?

A: A programmatic work depicting an Afro-Cuban ritual.

Q: What musical techniques define Sensemaya?

A: Irregular rhythms, syncopation, unusual timbres, and heavy percussion.

Salvador Ley (1907-1985)

Q: Who was Salvador Ley?

A: A Guatemalan composer and pianist who studied in Berlin.

Q: What is La Balada del tiempo mozo?

A: A song reflecting on a misspent youth, inspired by Guatemalan folk music.

Cuba

Q: When did Cuba gain independence?

A: 1898, after Spain’s war with the U.S.

Q: What happened after Cuban independence?

A: The U.S. controlled Cuba for economic interests.

Q: What major event occurred in Cuba in 1959?

A: The Cuban Revolution under Fidel Castro.

Ernesto Lecuona (1895-1963)

Q: Who was Ernesto Lecuona?

A: A Cuban pianist, composer, and bandleader.

Q: What does La Conga de Media Noche represent?

A: Afro-Cuban rhythms and dance, associated with Carnival.

Key Terms

Q: What is nationalism in music?

A: Composers incorporating elements of national identity in their music.

Q: What is modernism?

A: A movement combining innovation with traditional influences.

Q: What is folklore?

A: The preservation of pre-capitalist cultural expressions.

Q: What is folklorization?

A: Turning organic cultural practices into staged representations.

Musical Nationalism in Latin America

Q: How was nationalism expressed in Latin American music?

A: Through the incorporation of local instruments, rhythms, and folk elements into European classical genres.

The -isms

Q: What is indigenism?

A: A movement emphasizing Indigenous culture in Latin America.

Q: What is primitivism in music?

A: A style representing the primitive and elemental, often with strong rhythms and dissonance.

This should help you study more efficiently! Let me know if you want any changes. 🚀