UNIT 7A

Here are your answers using APUSH terminology:

1. Aftermath of the Spanish-American War: The Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the Spanish-American War and resulted in the United States acquiring Spain’s former territories. This marked the emergence of the U.S. as an imperial power, sparking debate between expansionists and anti-imperialists.

2. Cuba: The U.S. granted Cuba nominal independence but imposed the Platt Amendment, which allowed American intervention in Cuban affairs. This effectively made Cuba a U.S. protectorate, limiting its sovereignty.

3. The Philippines: The U.S. annexed the Philippines, leading to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902) as Filipinos resisted American rule. The war resulted in brutal U.S. military suppression and the eventual establishment of American colonial control.

4. Guam and Puerto Rico: Both territories were ceded to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris (1898), making them unincorporated territories. Puerto Rico later became subject to the Foraker Act (1900), which established a civilian government under U.S. control.

5. “Big Stick” Diplomacy: Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy emphasized military strength to back up diplomatic negotiations, summarized by the phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." When Great Britain sent military ships to Venezuela to collect debts, Roosevelt invoked the Monroe Doctrine, pressuring European powers to resolve disputes without direct intervention.

6. Schenk v. United States: This 1919 Supreme Court case upheld the Espionage Act, ruling that speech presenting a "clear and present danger" was not protected by the First Amendment. This case set a precedent limiting free speech, especially in wartime.

7. Insular Cases: A series of Supreme Court decisions in the early 1900s that determined that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to U.S. territories. The rulings justified the continued governance of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines without granting them statehood or full citizenship rights.

8. Espionage and Sedition Acts: The Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 criminalized criticism of the government and military efforts during World War I. These acts restricted First Amendment rights by penalizing anti-war speech and dissent.

9. Conservationists and Opposition: Conservationists, like Theodore Roosevelt, opposed companies polluting or exploiting natural resources and pushed for government regulation. Industrialists and business leaders, who profited from unchecked resource extraction, strongly opposed conservation efforts.

10. Settlement House Movement and Women’s Reforms: Women involved in settlement houses, like Jane Addams' Hull House, expanded their activism to labor rights, education, and public health reforms. This marked a departure from the Cult of Domesticity by positioning women as active reformers in public life.

11. Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine: The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor, though likely accidental, was blamed on Spain, fueling calls for war. The American public, influenced by imperialist sentiment and yellow journalism, overwhelmingly supported intervention.

12. Yellow Journalism and the Spanish-American War: Sensationalist newspapers, such as those of Hearst and Pulitzer, exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba to inflame American public opinion. This propaganda contributed to the war fever and pressure on McKinley to declare war.

13. Schenk Case and Lincoln’s Civil War Actions: Both Schenk v. United States and Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War involved limiting civil liberties in times of national crisis. The precedent justified restricting rights to maintain national security.

14. Imperialists on Isolationism: U.S. imperialists opposed isolationism, believing expansion was necessary for economic and military strength. They advocated for intervention and territorial acquisition to compete with European powers.

15. Wilson and U.S. Entry into WWI: By entering World War I, Wilson abandoned the traditional American policy of neutrality. He justified the war as a fight to "make the world safe for democracy."

16. Progressive Reform Concerns: Jane Addams and other Progressives focused on urban poverty, labor conditions, child welfare, and public health. They sought government intervention to improve social conditions and address industrialization’s negative impacts.

17. National Progressive Party Goals: The party, led by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, supported direct democracy through initiatives, referendums, and recalls. They aimed to combat political corruption, regulate big business, and expand social justice reforms.

18. Wilson’s 14 Points: Wilson’s plan promoted self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations to prevent future wars. Though idealistic, the 14 Points influenced the Treaty of Versailles but were largely compromised by European demands.

19. Anti-Imperialists and the Philippines: Anti-imperialists, such as the Anti-Imperialist League, opposed U.S. expansion, viewing it as a betrayal of American democratic principles. They saw the brutal occupation of the Philippines as proof that imperialism led to oppression.

20. Expansionists/Imperialists’ Views: U.S. imperialists like Alfred Thayer Mahan, Theodore Roosevelt, and William McKinley saw empire-building as a means of economic gain, military strength, and spreading Western civilization. They justified imperialism as a duty to uplift "lesser" peoples.

21. Economic Benefits of Imperialism: The U.S. exploited Hawaii’s sugar plantations, controlled Cuban exports through the Platt Amendment, and used the Philippines for trade access to Asia. Imperialists saw these acquisitions as vital to economic and strategic interests.

22. 14 Points and the Treaty of Versailles: While Wilson’s 14 Points emphasized peace without punishment, the Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh reparations on Germany. The League of Nations, Wilson’s main proposal, was included but weakened.

23. Preservationists vs. Conservationists: Preservationists, like John Muir, wanted to protect nature from any human interference, while conservationists, like Gifford Pinchot, advocated for regulated use of resources. Both groups valued the natural environment but differed in how to manage it.

24. Platt vs. Teller Amendment: The Teller Amendment (1898) promised Cuban independence, while the Platt Amendment (1901) allowed U.S. control over Cuba. This contradiction revealed U.S. imperialist intentions despite claims of liberation.

25. Roosevelt Corollary and Monroe Doctrine: The Roosevelt Corollary expanded the Monroe Doctrine by asserting the U.S.’s right to intervene in Latin America. It justified American economic and military interventions to prevent European involvement.

26. Liberty Bonds: The U.S. government sold Liberty Bonds to finance World War I. Citizens were encouraged to buy them as a patriotic duty to support the war effort.

27. Settlement Houses: These were community centers providing education, childcare, and job training for poor and immigrant families. They played a key role in Progressive social reforms.

28. Conservationist Goals: Conservationists aimed to regulate land use, prevent deforestation, and establish national parks. Their efforts led to policies like the Antiquities Act and the creation of the National Park Service.

29. Social Darwinism and Imperialism: Imperialists applied “survival of the fittest” to justify U.S. expansion, claiming it was America’s duty to dominate "weaker" nations. This ideology framed empire-building as a natural and beneficial process.

30. Alfred T. Mahan and Naval Power: Mahan argued that a strong navy was crucial for global dominance, urging the U.S. to build a powerful fleet and establish overseas bases. His ideas influenced policies leading to territorial acquisitions in the Pacific.

31. Anti-Imperialists and the Spanish-American War: Anti-imperialists saw the war as an excuse for expansion rather than liberation. The Platt Amendment confirmed their fears by making Cuba a U.S. protectorate instead of granting full independence.

32. McKinley and Cuba: McKinley claimed the U.S. invaded Cuba to free it from Spanish rule and promote stability. However, economic and strategic interests motivated continued U.S. control.

33. Native American Assimilation and Imperialism: Forcing Native Americans onto reservations or into assimilation policies mirrored imperialist strategies abroad. Both efforts aimed to control and "civilize" nonwhite populations under American dominance.

Let me know if you need any clarifications!