Untitled Flashcards Set

Module 31: Studying and Building Memories

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Memory is defined as learning that has persisted over time, involving the storage and retrieval of information5 .

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Psychologists use memory models to understand and discuss memory5 . Information-processing models include three steps: encoding, storage, and retrieval5 .

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Encoding is the processing of information into the memory system6 .

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Storage is the retention of encoded information over time6 .

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Retrieval is getting information out of memory storage6 .

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The connectionism model views memories as products of interconnected neural networks5 .

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Sensory memory is the initial recording of information7 ....

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Short-term memory holds a limited amount of information briefly7 ....

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Long-term memory is the relatively permanent and limitless storage7 ....

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Working memory actively processes information, linking it with long-term memories7 ....

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Explicit memories (declarative) are consciously recalled and processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes10 ....

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Implicit memories (nondeclarative) are without conscious recall and processed in the cerebellum and basal ganglia11 .... They include procedural memory for automatic skills and classically conditioned associations12 .

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Effortful processing requires attention and conscious effort10 .... Strategies include chunking (organizing into familiar units), mnemonics (memory aids using imagery), and hierarchies (organizing knowledge into levels)14 ....

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Automatic processing occurs unconsciously, encoding space, time, and frequency12 ....

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Distributed practice, such as the spacing effect and repeated self-testing (the testing effect), leads to better long-term recall15 ....

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Shallow processing encodes structure or appearance, while deep processing encodes meaning for better retention, especially when personally meaningful (self-reference effect)18 ....

Module 32: Memory Storage

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Long-term memory does not store information in precise locations but involves many interacting brain parts10 .

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The frontal lobes and hippocampus are key in processing and storing explicit memories10 .... The left frontal lobe is activated by recalling a password while the right frontal lobe is activated by calling up a visual party scene10 .

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The cerebellum and basal ganglia are important for implicit memories11 .

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Emotions affect memory processing. Flashbulb memories are clear memories of emotionally significant moments11 ....

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Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the strengthening of potential neural firing, providing a neural basis for learning and remembering22 .

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Memory is measured through recall, recognition, and relearning23 .

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External cues, internal emotions (mood-congruent memory), and order of appearance (serial position effect: primacy and recency effects) influence memory retrieval23 ....

Module 33: Forgetting

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Forgetting can result from:

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Encoding failure: Unattended information is not encoded25 .

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Storage decay: Memory fades over time26 .

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Retrieval failure: Information is not accessible due to interference or motivated forgetting25 .

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Proactive interference (forward-acting): Prior learning disrupts recall of new information22 .

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Retroactive interference (backward-acting): New learning disrupts recall of old information22 .

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Motivated forgetting: Repressing painful memories to protect self-concept22 .

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The misinformation effect, imagination, and source amnesia can influence memory construction27 .... Source amnesia involves attributing a memory to the wrong source29 .

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Eyewitness descriptions from young children can be unreliable25 .

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"Recovered" memories, especially when recovered through extraordinary means, have a high probability of being false30 .

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Memory can be improved through rehearsal, making material meaningful, activating retrieval cues, using mnemonic devices, minimizing interference, sleeping more, and self-testing16 ....

Module 22: The Need for Psychological Science

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Psychological research uses the scientific method to confirm or refute popular ideas34 .

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Psychology's critical inquiry has been open to surprising findings, such as the ability of newborns to recognize their mother’s odor and voice within days35 .

Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

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A person may be diagnosed with a substance use disorder when drug use continues despite significant life disruption36 .... Severity ranges from mild to severe36 .

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Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are types of psychoactive drugs3 .

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pull out the very important information on these topics

Drawing upon the provided text, the following is important information regarding Modules 31-33, 22, and 251 ....

Module 31: Studying and Building Memories

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Memory is the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval7 .

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Encoding is the process of putting information into the memory system7 .

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Storage is how encoded information is retained over time7 .

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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage7 .

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Explicit memories are memories of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare, and are also called declarative memories8 ....

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Implicit memories involve retention independent of conscious recollection, also called nondeclarative memories8 ....

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Effortful processing requires attention and conscious effort9 .

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Automatic processing is the unconscious encoding of incidental information9 .

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Chunking means organizing items into familiar, manageable units11 ....

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Mnemonic devices are memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices12 ....

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Deep processing, encoding semantically based on the meaning of words, tends to yield the best retention14 ....

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The self-reference effect means that information deemed "relevant to me" is processed more deeply and remains more accessible16 .

Module 32: Memory Storage

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Long-term memory capacity is essentially unlimited17 .

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The frontal lobes and hippocampus are parts of the brain network dedicated to explicit memory formation17 ....

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The cerebellum and basal ganglia are critical for implicit memory formation19 .

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Flashbulb memories are clear memories of emotionally significant moments20 .

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Long-term potentiation (LTP) provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations20 .

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Memory is measured by recall, recognition, and relearning21 .

Module 33: Forgetting

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Encoding failure: Unattended information is not encoded22 .

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Storage decay: Memory fades over time23 .

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Retrieval failure: Information is not accessible24 .

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Proactive interference: Prior learning disrupts recall of new information25 .

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Retroactive interference: New learning disrupts recall of old information25 .

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The misinformation effect, imagination, and source amnesia influence memory construction25 ....

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Recommended strategies for improving memory:

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Study repeatedly28 .

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Make material meaningful28 ....

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Activate retrieval cues28 ....

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Use mnemonic devices28 ....

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Minimize interference28 ....

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Sleep more28 ....

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Test your own knowledge28 ....

Module 22: The Need for Psychological Science

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Psychology's critical inquiry has been open to surprising findings32 .

Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

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A person may be diagnosed with a substance use disorder when drug use continues despite significant life disruption33 .

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Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are the three major categories of drugs6 ....

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can you weed out all the terms

Here is a list of terms from the specified modules in the provided text1 .

Module 31: Studying and Building Memories

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Memory: The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval1 .

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Encoding: The process of putting information into the memory system1 ....

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Storage: How encoded information is retained over time1 .

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Retrieval: The process of getting information out of memory storage1 .

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Explicit memories: Memories of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare; also called declarative memories1 ....

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Implicit memories: Retention independent of conscious recollection; also called nondeclarative memories1 ....

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Effortful processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort1 ....

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Automatic processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental information1 ....

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Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units1 ....

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Mnemonic devices: Memory aids, especially techniques using vivid imagery and organizational devices1 ....

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Deep processing: Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tending to yield the best retention1 ....

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Self-reference effect: Information "relevant to me" is processed more deeply and remains more accessible1 .

Module 32: Memory Storage

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Flashbulb memories: Clear memories of emotionally significant moments1 ....

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Long-term potentiation (LTP): Neural basis for learning and remembering associations1 ....

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Recall: A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test1 ....

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Recognition: A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test1 ....

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Relearning: A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again1 ....

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Mood-congruent memory: The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood1 ....

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Serial position effect: Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list1 ....

Module 33: Forgetting

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Proactive interference: Prior learning disrupts recall of new information1 ....

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Retroactive interference: New learning disrupts recall of old information1 ....

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Source amnesia: Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined1 ....

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The misinformation effect: Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event1 ....

Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

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Substance use disorder: A disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk1 ....

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can you go into more detail about module 22 and 25

Here's more information about Modules 22 and 25, based on the provided text:

Module 22: Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis

This module explores the nature of consciousness and altered states, including hypnosis1 .

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Consciousness is defined as the awareness of ourselves and our environment2 .

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Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur3 .

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A posthypnotic suggestion is a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized3 .

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Dissociation is a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others3 . Some researchers believe hypnosis involves dissociation2 .

Different views on Hypnosis:

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Some psychologists believe that hypnosis is a form of normal social influence, where individuals act out the role of a "good subject"2 .

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Other psychologists view hypnosis as a dissociation2 . Selective attention may contribute by blocking attention to certain stimuli2 .

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Hypnotized subjects sometimes carry out suggested behaviors on cue, even when they believe no one is watching4 . Distinctive brain activity accompanies hypnosis4 .

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An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people—hypnotized or not—to perform some unlikely acts4 .

Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

This module discusses substance use disorders and the effects of psychoactive drugs5 .

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A person may be diagnosed with a substance use disorder when drug use continues despite significant life disruption3 .... Severity of substance use disorder varies from mild (two to three symptoms) to moderate (four to five symptoms) to severe (six or more symptoms)5 .

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Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods6 ....

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Tolerance is the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect6 ....

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Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry7 .

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Withdrawal is the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug6 ....

Categories of Psychoactive Drugs:

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Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions7 . Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates are examples of depressants7 .

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Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions7 . Examples include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy (MDMA)7 .

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Hallucinogens are psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of external stimuli7 .