Psychologists

Mary Whiton Calkins - informed theory and research of memory, dreams, and the self

Charles Darwin - studied natural selection of mating preferences, studies the evolutionary origins of human behavior

Dorethea Dix - founded/expanded 30+ hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill

Sigmund Freud - founded the psychoanalytic school of thought, an emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior

Stanley Hall - established the first psychology lab in the U.S. in 1883, the first president of the American Psychological Association

William James - father of American psychology

Ivan Pavlov - developed classical conditioning

Jean Piaget - development - studied children

Carl Rogers - charges that both psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches were dehumanizing

B.F. Skinner - invented operant conditioning and the “Skinner Box”

Margarate Floy Washburn - experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development

John B. Watson - founder of Behaviorism (all behavior is caused by observation or consequences of doing it) nurture not nature

Wilhelm Wundt - (father of psychology) campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline and established the first lab for the study of psychology in 1879

Psychological Approaches

Structuralism - (Edward Titchener) analyze consciousness into basic elements

Introspection - careful, systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience

Functionalism - (William James) investigate the function of consciousness, which led to an investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex differences

Early Behaviorism - reaction to mentalis - introspection

Gestalt - the idea that our minds tend to see patterns in everything

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic - patient’s free association plus therapists interpretations - releases previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Humanistic - belief that humans are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such

Evolutionary - natural selection occurs for behavioral, as well as physical characteristics

Biological - behavior explained in terms of physiological processes (brain genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones)

Cognitive - mental action of occurring knowledge and intelligence

Biopsychosocial - integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Domains of Psychology

Biological Domain - a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

Clinical Domain- studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Cognitive Domain - human intelligence, perception, language, attention, memory, thinking, and problem-solving

Counseling Domain - assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being

Developmental Domain - studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

Educational Domain - the study of how people learn

Experimental Domain - investigator manipulates factors to observe the effect it causes

Industrial-Organizational Domain - application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces

Personality Domain - an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Psychometric Domain - testing, measurement, assessment, and related activities

Social Domain - the way feelings, thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and goals are constructed - influence our interaction with others

Positive Psychology Domain - the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communicate to thrive