Industrial Revolution ( eghs WCH) 

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The Increase in output of machine-made goods that began in the middle 1700.

Prior to the Revolution:

• Goods were made by hand

• Many people lived on farms rather than cities.

During The Revolution:

• It began because wealthy owners started to buy farms, and people were making machines to start taking life and jobs easier.

  • Forced many smaller farmers to leave and find new jobs.

• Began in England, because they could easily trade, and had many great resources.

• Impact of Colonialism- More resources available that are needed to “produce” goods.

• The Steam Engine- One of the more powerful inventions as it could provide power to vehicles.

• There was a growth in the middle class. (Gap between poor and rich)

• Positive changes:

  • Increased production

  • Created jobs

  • fostered technology

  • Provided Hope

  • raised standards of living

  • Cheaper goods → more can afford.

• The ideas spread throughout Europe, the Americas, and Japan.

  • The countries who industrialized viewed it as a way to get more money, thus becoming more powerful.

• Living Conditions:

  • Cities were overwhelmed, and couldn’t properly plan. Many things like building codes, sanitation, and education were not great during this time.

  • Working conditions:

    • 14 hour work days

    • work 6 days a week

      • Dangers:

        • Poor conditions

        • Poorly lit, bad ventilations

        • dangerous machines

        • No Insurance

    • Child and women workers

    • Underpaid

Capitalism:

The Government has no control over business.

• Adam Smith- wrote “Wealth of Nations” → birth of capitalism

• Competition is good

  • Invisible hand → competition will naturally push people in the right direction.

Communism:

The government should interfere with business. Essentially controlling most if not all aspects.

• Battle between “Haves” and “Have Not”

  • Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat. Or Rich and Poor.

• Karl Marx- Came up with the first form of communism.

• Utopia- a book describing a perfect world where everybody helps out, and carries their weight.

• Modern Examples of Communism:

  • Former Russia (U.S.S.R)

  • Cuba

  • China

Other Things to Remember:

• Labor Unions- Groups made within companies to have some sort of power over the company.

• Child labor laws- made work fairrer for children

• Workers rights- made the working environment as a whole better for employees.

• Socialism- A community dicatets business.

Terms and people :

Henry Bessemer – a British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron in 1856

Alfred Nobel – a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite in 1866

Michael Faraday – an English chemist who created the first electric motor in the 1800s

dynamo – a machine that is used to generate electricity

Thomas Edison – the American inventor who made the first electric light bulb in the 1870s

interchangeable parts – identical components that could be used in place of one another in manufacturing

assembly line – production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Orville and Wilbur Wright – American bicycle makers who designed and flew an airplane in 1903, ushering in the air age

Guglielmo Marconi – an Italian inventor who developed the radio in the 1890s

stock – shares of a company

corporation – business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment

cartel – a group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product

THE RISE OF THE MODERN CITY

germ theory – the idea that certain microbes cause specific infectious diseases

Louis Pasteur – a French chemist who showed the link between microbes and disease and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax

Robert Koch – a German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis

Florence Nightingale – an army nurse in the Crimean War who worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals and founded the world’s first school of nursing

Joseph Lister – the English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevent infection

urban renewal – the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city

mutual-aid society – a self-help group formed to aid sick or injured workers

standard of living – a measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

Industrial society and vaules

cult of domesticity – a message put forth by books,

magazines, and popular songs that idealized women and the home

temperance movement – a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Elizabeth Cady Stanton – a reformer who helped organize a movement for women’s rights

women’s suffrage – women’s right to vote

Sojourner Truth – an African American suffragist

John Dalton – an English Quaker schoolteacher who developed modern atomic theory in the early 1800s, showing that each element has its own kind of atoms

Charles Darwin – the British naturalist who in 1859 published On the Origin of Species, in which he set forth the theory of evolution through natural selection

racism – the belief that one racial group is superior to another

social gospel – a movement that urged Christians to social service

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