Industrial Revolution ( eghs WCH) 

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The Increase in output of machine-made goods that began in the middle 1700.

Prior to the Revolution:

  • Goods were made by hand
  • Many people lived on farms rather than cities.

During The Revolution:

  • It began because wealthy owners started to buy farms, and people were making machines to start taking life and jobs easier.
    • Forced many smaller farmers to leave and find new jobs.
  • Began in England, because they could easily trade, and had many great resources.
  • Impact of Colonialism- More resources available that are needed to “produce” goods.
  • The Steam Engine- One of the more powerful inventions as it could provide power to vehicles.
  • There was a growth in the middle class. (Gap between poor and rich)
  • Positive changes:
    • Increased production
    • Created jobs
    • fostered technology
    • Provided Hope
    • raised standards of living
    • Cheaper goods → more can afford.
  • The ideas spread throughout Europe, the Americas, and Japan.
    • The countries who industrialized viewed it as a way to get more money, thus becoming more powerful.
  • Living Conditions:
    • Cities were overwhelmed, and couldn’t properly plan. Many things like building codes, sanitation, and education were not great during this time.
    • Working conditions:
    • 14 hour work days
    • work 6 days a week
      • Dangers:
      • Poor conditions
      • Poorly lit, bad ventilations
      • dangerous machines
      • No Insurance
    • Child and women workers
    • Underpaid

Capitalism:

The Government has no control over business.

  • Adam Smith- wrote “Wealth of Nations” → birth of capitalism
  • Competition is good
    • Invisible hand → competition will naturally push people in the right direction.

Communism:

The government should interfere with business. Essentially controlling most if not all aspects.

  • Battle between “Haves” and “Have Not”
    • Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat. Or Rich and Poor.
  • Karl Marx- Came up with the first form of communism.
  • Utopia- a book describing a perfect world where everybody helps out, and carries their weight.
  • Modern Examples of Communism:
    • Former Russia (U.S.S.R)
    • Cuba
    • China

Other Things to Remember:

  • Labor Unions- Groups made within companies to have some sort of power over the company.
  • Child labor laws- made work fairrer for children
  • Workers rights- made the working environment as a whole better for employees.
  • Socialism- A community dicatets business.

Terms and people :

Henry Bessemer – a British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron in 1856

Alfred Nobel – a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite in 1866

Michael Faraday – an English chemist who
created the first electric motor in the 1800s

dynamo – a machine that is used to generate
electricity

Thomas Edison – the American inventor who
made the first electric light bulb in the 1870s

interchangeable parts – identical components
that could be used in place of one another
in manufacturing

assembly line – production method that breaks
down a complex job into a series of smaller
tasks

Orville and Wilbur Wright – American bicycle
makers who designed and flew an airplane in
1903, ushering in the air age

Guglielmo Marconi – an Italian inventor who developed the radio in the 1890s

stock – shares of a company

corporation – business owned by many investors
who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount
of their investment

cartel – a group of companies that join together
to control the production and price of a product

THE RISE OF THE MODERN CITY

germ theory – the idea that certain microbes
cause specific infectious diseases

Louis Pasteur – a French chemist who showed
the link between microbes and disease and
developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax

Robert Koch – a German doctor who identified
the bacterium that caused tuberculosis

Florence Nightingale – an army nurse in the
Crimean War who worked to introduce sanitary
measures in British hospitals and founded the
world’s first school of nursing

Joseph Lister – the English surgeon who
discovered how antiseptics prevent infection

urban renewal – the process of fixing up the
poor areas of a city

mutual-aid society – a self-help group formed
to aid sick or injured workers

standard of living – a measure of the quality
and availability of necessities and comforts
in a society

Industrial society and vaules

cult of domesticity – a message put forth by books,

magazines, and popular songs that idealized women and the home

temperance movement – a campaign to limit or
ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Elizabeth Cady Stanton – a reformer who
helped organize a movement for women’s rights

women’s suffrage – women’s right to vote

Sojourner Truth – an African American
suffragist

John Dalton – an English Quaker schoolteacher
who developed modern atomic theory in the early
1800s, showing that each element has its own
kind of atoms

Charles Darwin – the British naturalist who in
1859 published On the Origin of Species, in which
he set forth the theory of evolution through
natural selection

racism – the belief that one racial group is
superior to another

social gospel – a movement that urged
Christians to social service

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