Animal Nutrition Unit 3 BIO

Learning objectives

Explain what food is and outline why we need it.

1. List the 7 nutrients of a balanced diet and list their major sources.

2. List the chemical elements found in carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

3. Describe the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 

4. Describe the functions of glucose, starch, cellulose and glycogen in living organisms.

5. Describe the structure of fats [lipids], and their functions in living organisms. 

6. Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

7. List some major functions of proteins in living organisms and describe the structure of proteins. Explain how amino acids can be joined to form an almost infinite variety of different proteins. 

8. Describe the cause and symptoms associated with the following deficiencies: constipation, anemia, osteoporosis

9. Explain how human dietary requirements are related to age, sex and activity 

10. Describe and carry out tests for starch, sugars, protein and fats. Know how to use a boiling water bath to heat liquids safely.

WHY do we need food?

• Provides raw materials (molecules) for repair, growth, and development

• Molecules that are used in respiration and act as an energy source

• helps other reactions occur

The human diet includes 7 different kinds of nutrients

Carbohydrates- found in bread, rice, pasta, etc.

• provide energy

Proteins - found in animal products, fish, tofu, beans

• For growth and repair

Lipids- found in oils, fatty fish, nuts, animal fats

• Provide energy

Calcium - found in dairy, fish with bones, green leafy vegetables

• Strong bones and teeth

Iron - found in red liver, beans

• Needed for red blood cells to carry oxygen

Vitamin C - citrus fruits(lemon, orange, lime), broccoli

• Keeps skin healthy

Vitamin D - found in oily fish, red meat, liver

• Helps absorb Calcium

Fiber - Vegetables, bran

• Prevents constipation

Water - Vegetables, fruits, water(liquid)

• Hydration of cells and makes up our cells

Lo3.

Carbohydrates are monosaccharides and are made up of rings of carbon

C, H, O

Lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids (triglycerides)

C,H, O

Proteins are made up of the building blocks, Amino acids

C, H, O, N are the elements they are make up of

Organic molescules

They all have 4 common characteristics

1. Carbon based- They all contain carbon

2. Few elements - they are made from a small group of elements

3. Building blocks - Each type of organic molecule is made up of a monomer

Example:

Carbohydrates are made from glucose

Lipids are built from fatty acids

Proteins are built from Amino acids

4. Form and function - their shape determines their function

Monomers V.s. Polymer

Monosaccharides(carbs) → polysaccharides

Amino acid → Polypeptide

Glycerol and fatty acid → Triglyceride

Lo4. Describe the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules because they make up most plant matter

They are formed from carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen.

A single sugar is called a monosaccharide.

When 2 monosaccharides join, they form a disaccharide. When more join, they turn into a polysaccharide.

Examples:

Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of 2 monosaccharides, glucose and fructose

Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that consist of many glucose molecules joined

Glucose is a monosaccharide - the chemical formula for glucose is C6H1206

Starch is stored as sugar in plants. Plants make glucose through photosynthesis, and the excess glucose is then stored as starch.

Glycogen is used as stroage of glucose, but in humans and is an animal version of Starch. It is a highly branched molecule.

Cellulose is the most common natural polymer.

The cell wall of plants is mostly made up of cellulose and provides support to the cell

Cellulose cannot be digested by humans, but it is the source of fiber in the human diet.

Lo6.

Describe the structure of fats(lipids), and their functions in living organisms

• Long term energy storage

• hormonal roles

• protection of internal organs

• structural component of cells

Triglyceride: they are made up of three long chains of carbon attached to one glycerol molecule

They are made up of two different monomers, fatty acids and glycerol

Lo7.

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

Saturated:

They are completely full and cannot add anymore

Unsaturated:

They have a double bond between the 2 carbons, creating a kink and contain fewer hydrogens than saturated fats. This structural difference affects their physical state at room temperature, with unsaturated fats typically being liquid, while saturated fats are solid.

Saturated fats are usually unhealthy fats from animal sources are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats are healthy fats from plant sources, and are liquid at room temperature

Lo.8 List some major functions of proteins in living organisms and describe the function of proteins. Explain how amino acids can be formed to join an almost infinite variety of different proteins.

Proteins are organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

They are amino acids bonded together and there are 20 different kinds of amino acids.

(as a monomer proteins are amino acids-→ as polysaccharides they are polypeptides)

a proteins shape is critical to its function. The amino acids bond together to form a long chain of amino acids called polypeptides which then fold to form proteins.

Types of proteins:

• Enzymes: Catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms.

• Structural proteins: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues, such as collagen in connective tissues.

• Transport proteins: Carry substances throughout the body, like hemoglobin which transports oxygen in the blood.

• Digestive enzymes: help in digestion ofo food by breaking them down into monomer units

• Hormones: coordinate the acitivity of different body systems

Lo.9 Describe the cause and symptoms associated with the following deficiences: constipation, anemia, and osteoporosis.

minerals

A mineral is a chemical element an essetnial nutrient in the human diet required for organisms to performs functions necessarry for life.

Minerals come from the earth and cannot be made in the body

They mostly come in a human diet from plants, animals, or drinking water.n

Examples: iron, pattasium, sodium, and magnesium

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic molecules that an organism needs to take in small amounts Humans need 13 different vitamins. SOme examples are Vitamin A, vitamin B, Vitamin C

What is the meaning of deficiency?

It means to be lacking or have a shortage of something.

An imbalanced diet can lead to too much or too little of a particular nutrient.

If you are deficient in Iron which carries red blood cells you mught be tired, dizzy, paler skin. This is called anemia

If you lack enough fiber in yoour diet it causes constipation adn the symptoms are difficulty passing stools, hard or dry stools, bloating and pain.

IF you have a lack of calcium which strengthens the bones you can develop osteoporosis. Which symptoms are weak bones, stooped posture, loss of height, and breaking of bones.

LO.10 Explain how human dietary requires are related to sex, age, and acitivity.

what are taken in account of our nutritional needs

Growth, ageing, acitivty level, periods, pregnancy, breastfeeding, weight and height.

What is a Joule. A unit of energy, one kg is equal to 1000 joules.

Three main ways your body burns calories

1. Basic metabolism your body uses most calories to sustain basic functions

2. digestion around 10-15% of calories eaten is used to power digestion

3. Physical activity leftover calories are burned during exercise or everyday tasks

In general women have more body fat than men, where men have more muscl e mass and greater strength.

Males use their energy intake into muscle and energy reserves whereas women are most likely to store energy into fat deposits.