R.W Shufeldt: researched the trauma on bird bones and define paleopathology as “All diseased or pathological condition found fossilized in the remain of extinct or fossil animal” CANCELED for having naked pictures of young girls

M.A Ruffer: worked on mummies and definitely paleopathology as the “science of disease which can be demonstrated in human and animal remain from ancient time”

• important as he used the words science, disease and demonstrated

Comparison=actualism

B. O’Connor: found proof of fused bones in a human spine. Was able to find solid evidence and give a great analysis of it unlike J.E Esper who did not follow a scientific method

E.A Hooton: provided the first study at a populational level, found a link between chronology and frequency variation of disease

J.L Angels 4 important scopes of paleopathology

• importance of semicolons

• Relationship between health state and past society

• Relationship between demography and health

• Study of growth and nutrition

Integrative paleopathology: a study of paleopathology encompassing health, society and environment

Definition of disease in paleopathology: an interruption, cessation or disorder of body functions, characterized usually by signs and symptoms or consistent anatomical alterations

Archaeologist incorporation into paleopathology

Bio anthropologist incorporation into paleopathology

• need to understand the normal anatomical variations between humans and populations, or during growth and aging

Pathologist importance in paleopathology

• osteological tissue process

• Recognizing signs and translate them into syndromes

• Nosology of diseases

• Prevent pseudo-pathology

• Historical dimension of human-pathogen cohabitation

Iconographical sources

• illustrations

  • can be helpful because they show clear indications of a disease and its treatment

  • specifically made to be clear

• Medico-historical production

  • includes wax statues or skinned anatomical figures

  • helpful as they are reproduced from real-life versions

• Artistical iconography

  • cave drawings or artistic renderings of a disease

  • not as helpful because not always clear, aim of drawings wasnt to indicate a disease so sometimes too abstract

Make sure i have actualism correct

slide 21 important?