Untitled Flashcards Set

Flashcard 1

Front:
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

Back:
Systems that handle and process day-to-day transactions, ensuring accuracy, consistency, and timeliness in routine business operations like sales, payroll, or inventory management.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Management Information Systems (MIS)

Back:
Systems that collect, process, and provide information to manage decision-making at the middle management level, typically through reports and summaries on performance and trends.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Back:
Systems designed to support complex decision-making by analyzing data, evaluating alternatives, and helping decision-makers make informed choices.

Flashcard 4

Front:
Executive Information Systems (EIS)

Back:
Systems tailored for senior executives that provide high-level overviews of key performance indicators (KPIs), trends, and forecasts for strategic decision-making.

Flashcard 5

Front:
Enterprise Information Systems

Back:
Large-scale systems that integrate and manage information across an entire organization to ensure consistency and improve coordination among different departments.

Flashcard 6

Front:
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems

Back:
Comprehensive systems that manage and automate core business processes (e.g., accounting, HR, procurement, manufacturing) to streamline operations and improve efficiency.

Flashcard 7

Front:
Legacy Systems

Back:
Outdated systems or software that are still in use within an organization, despite newer alternatives being available, often with challenges in maintenance and integration.

Flashcard 8

Front:
Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems

Back:
Systems used to manage the flow of goods, information, and finances across the supply chain, optimizing inventory, logistics, procurement, and demand forecasting.

Flashcard 9

Front:
Financial and Managerial Accounting Systems

Back:
Systems for managing financial data and performance. Financial accounting focuses on external reporting, while managerial accounting is used for internal decision-making and performance analysis.

Flashcard 10

Front:
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems

Back:
Systems that help businesses manage and analyze customer interactions and data to improve customer service, sales, and marketing efforts, providing a 360-degree view of customer information.

Flashcard 1

Front:
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Back:
AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think, learn, and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and pattern recognition.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Machine Learning (ML)

Back:
ML is a subset of AI that focuses on developing algorithms that allow machines to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed to perform specific tasks.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Large Language Models (LLM)

Back:
LLMs are AI models trained on vast amounts of text data to understand and generate human-like language. They can perform tasks such as text generation, translation, and summarization. GPT-3 and GPT-4 are examples of large language models.

Flashcard 4

Front:
False Positives (AI Hallucinations)

Back:
False positives, or AI hallucinations, occur when an AI system generates incorrect or misleading information. This can happen when the AI "hallucinates" data or results that are not supported by the training data, leading to erroneous outputs that appear accurate.

Flashcard 1

Front:
Cache Memory

Back:
Cache memory is a small, fast type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to the processor and stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker retrieval.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Back:
The CPU is the "brain" of a computer, responsible for executing instructions from programs, performing calculations, and managing data flow within the system.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Clock Speed

Back:
Clock speed refers to the rate at which a CPU can execute instructions, typically measured in hertz (Hz). Higher clock speeds generally mean faster processing, although other factors like architecture also play a role.

Flashcard 4

Front:
Flash Memory

Back:
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data even when powered off. It is commonly used in USB drives, SSDs, and memory cards due to its fast read and write speeds.

Flashcard 5

Front:
Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte

Back:

• 1 Byte = 8 bits

• 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 Bytes

• 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB

• 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB

• 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB

These are units of digital information used to measure file sizes and storage capacity.

Flashcard 6

Front:
Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz)

Back:

• 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second

• 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second
  These units measure clock speed, indicating how many cycles a processor can perform in one second.

Flashcard 7

Front:
Hard Drive

Back:
A hard drive (HDD) is a traditional data storage device that uses spinning disks and a read/write head to store data magnetically. It's slower than SSDs but offers larger storage capacities at a lower cost.

Flashcard 8

Front:
Hyper-threading, Multi-threading, Multicore

Back:

• Hyper-threading: A CPU feature allowing a single core to handle two threads simultaneously for improved performance.

• Multi-threading: A method where a processor handles multiple threads or tasks concurrently.

• Multicore: Refers to a CPU with multiple processing units (cores) that can handle different tasks in parallel, improving overall performance.

Flashcard 9

Front:
Physical Core vs. Logical Core

Back:

• Physical Core: A physical processor core capable of executing tasks.

• Logical Core: A virtual core created by technologies like hyper-threading, allowing a single physical core to handle multiple tasks at once.

Flashcard 10

Front:
Primary Storage vs. Secondary Storage

Back:

• Primary Storage: Fast, temporary storage like RAM used for immediate processing tasks.

• Secondary Storage: Long-term storage like hard drives and SSDs used to store data permanently.

Flashcard 11

Front:
Random-Access Memory (RAM)

Back:
RAM is volatile memory used by the CPU to store data and instructions that are actively being used. Data is lost when the computer is powered off.

Flashcard 12

Front:
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Back:
ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores data, such as firmware or boot instructions, and cannot be easily altered or written over.

Flashcard 13

Front:
Solid-State Drive (SSD)

Back:
An SSD is a type of storage device that uses flash memory (instead of spinning disks) to store data, offering faster read and write speeds than traditional hard drives.

Flashcard 14

Front:
IP Address

Back:
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to devices on a network, allowing them to communicate with each other. It can be IPv4 (32-bit) or IPv6 (128-bit).

Flashcard 15

Front:
Cables (Coaxial, Fiber, Twisted-Pair)

Back:

• Coaxial Cable: A cable that carries data signals using a copper core and an insulating layer, commonly used for cable television and internet.

• Fiber Optic Cable: A cable made of glass or plastic fibers that transmit data as light signals, offering high-speed internet with minimal signal loss.

• Twisted-Pair Cable: A cable consisting of pairs of wires twisted together to reduce interference, commonly used in Ethernet networking.

Flashcard 16

Front:
Packets and Their Basic Contents (To, From, Data, Hash)

Back:
Packets are small units of data transmitted over a network. Basic contents include:

• To: Destination address

• From: Source address

• Data: The actual data being transmitted

• Hash: A code used to ensure data integrity and security.

Flashcard 17

Front:
Ping

Back:
Ping is a network diagnostic tool used to test connectivity between devices. It sends a request to a target device and measures the response time to ensure the network is operational.

Flashcard 18

Front:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Back:
TCP/IP is the fundamental suite of communication protocols that enables devices to connect to and communicate over the internet. TCP ensures reliable transmission, while IP handles addressing and routing.

Flashcard 19

Front:
LANs and WANs

Back:

• LAN (Local Area Network): A network confined to a small geographic area, like a home or office, typically connected via Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

• WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a larger geographic area, often connecting multiple LANs, like the internet.

Flashcard 20

Front:
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

Back:
A VPN creates a secure, encrypted connection between a device and a network over the internet, protecting data privacy and allowing secure access to restricted resources.

Flashcard 21

Front:
Internet vs. WWW vs. Cloud

Back:

Internet: The global network that connects millions of computers and devices.

WWW (World Wide Web): A system of interlinked web pages accessed through browsers, running on the internet.

Cloud: A remote computing service that provides storage, computing power, and applications over the internet, without the need for local hardware.

Flashcard 1

Front:
Information Granularity

Back:
Information granularity refers to the level of detail or aggregation in data. Fine-grained data is highly detailed, while coarse-grained data is more summarized.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Transactional Information

Back:
Transactional information refers to data captured during daily business operations, such as sales, customer orders, or financial transactions. It is typically used for operational purposes.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Analytical Information

Back:
Analytical information refers to data used to analyze trends, patterns, and business performance. It supports decision-making and is typically used for reporting and business intelligence.

Flashcard 4

Front:
Real-Time Information/Systems

Back:
Real-time information refers to data that is available immediately after collection, often updated continuously. Real-time systems are designed to provide this information instantaneously for immediate decision-making.

Flashcard 5

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Accuracy

Back:
Accuracy refers to how close data is to the true values or reality. It ensures that the information is correct and free from errors.

Flashcard 6

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Completeness

Back:
Completeness refers to whether all required data is available. Incomplete data can lead to misleading analysis or decisions.

Flashcard 7

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Consistency

Back:
Consistency refers to the absence of conflicting information across different sources or systems. Data should be consistent across databases, reports, and systems.

Flashcard 8

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Timeliness

Back:
Timeliness refers to the extent to which information is up-to-date and available when needed. Information should be current to be useful for decision-making.

Flashcard 9

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Validity

Back:
Validity refers to whether the data meets the standards and constraints defined for it. It ensures that the data is suitable for its intended use.

Flashcard 10

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Uniqueness

Back:
Uniqueness refers to ensuring that data entries are not duplicated. Duplicates can lead to inaccurate analysis or reports.

Flashcard 11

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Relevance

Back:
Relevance refers to how applicable and useful the information is to the task or decision at hand. Irrelevant data can waste resources and hinder decision-making.

Flashcard 12

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Reliability

Back:
Reliability refers to the consistency of the data and the system that generates it. Reliable data is consistently accurate over time and across systems.

Flashcard 13

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Accessibility

Back:
Accessibility refers to how easily data can be retrieved and used by authorized individuals or systems. Data should be readily available when needed.

Flashcard 14

Front:
“Satisficing”

Back:
"Satisficing" is a decision-making strategy where individuals seek a solution that meets their minimum criteria, rather than an optimal or perfect solution. This is often used when faced with limited time or resources.

Flashcard 15

Front:
Relational Database

Back:
A relational database is a type of database that stores data in tables with rows and columns, allowing for easy relationships between different pieces of data. Data is organized and accessed using Structured Query Language (SQL).

Flashcard 16

Front:
DBMS (Database Management System)

Back:
A DBMS is software that manages and organizes databases, allowing users to create, update, and retrieve data. It provides an interface between users and the database.

Flashcard 17

Front:
Normalization

Back:
Normalization is the process of organizing a database to reduce redundancy and dependency by dividing large tables into smaller, more manageable ones, ensuring efficient data storage and retrieval.

Flashcard 18

Front:
Business-Critical Integrity Constraint

Back:
A business-critical integrity constraint refers to rules that ensure the integrity and validity of data in a database, particularly when the data is crucial for the business's core operations. These constraints protect against data corruption or inconsistency.

 Flashcard 1

Front:
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

Back:
Systems that handle and process day-to-day transactions, ensuring accuracy, consistency, and timeliness in routine business operations like sales, payroll, or inventory management.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Management Information Systems (MIS)

Back:
Systems that collect, process, and provide information to manage decision-making at the middle management level, typically through reports and summaries on performance and trends.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Back:
Systems designed to support complex decision-making by analyzing data, evaluating alternatives, and helping decision-makers make informed choices.

Flashcard 4

Front:
Executive Information Systems (EIS)

Back:
Systems tailored for senior executives that provide high-level overviews of key performance indicators (KPIs), trends, and forecasts for strategic decision-making.

Flashcard 5

Front:
Enterprise Information Systems

Back:
Large-scale systems that integrate and manage information across an entire organization to ensure consistency and improve coordination among different departments.

Flashcard 6

Front:
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems

Back:
Comprehensive systems that manage and automate core business processes (e.g., accounting, HR, procurement, manufacturing) to streamline operations and improve efficiency.

Flashcard 7

Front:
Legacy Systems

Back:
Outdated systems or software that are still in use within an organization, despite newer alternatives being available, often with challenges in maintenance and integration.

Flashcard 8

Front:
Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems

Back:
Systems used to manage the flow of goods, information, and finances across the supply chain, optimizing inventory, logistics, procurement, and demand forecasting.

Flashcard 9

Front:
Financial and Managerial Accounting Systems

Back:
Systems for managing financial data and performance. Financial accounting focuses on external reporting, while managerial accounting is used for internal decision-making and performance analysis.

Flashcard 10

Front:
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems

Back:
Systems that help businesses manage and analyze customer interactions and data to improve customer service, sales, and marketing efforts, providing a 360-degree view of customer information.

Flashcard 1

Front:
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Back:
AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think, learn, and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and pattern recognition.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Machine Learning (ML)

Back:
ML is a subset of AI that focuses on developing algorithms that allow machines to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed to perform specific tasks.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Large Language Models (LLM)

Back:
LLMs are AI models trained on vast amounts of text data to understand and generate human-like language. They can perform tasks such as text generation, translation, and summarization. GPT-3 and GPT-4 are examples of large language models.

Flashcard 4

Front:
False Positives (AI Hallucinations)

Back:
False positives, or AI hallucinations, occur when an AI system generates incorrect or misleading information. This can happen when the AI "hallucinates" data or results that are not supported by the training data, leading to erroneous outputs that appear accurate.

Flashcard 1

Front:
Cache Memory

Back:
Cache memory is a small, fast type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to the processor and stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker retrieval.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Back:
The CPU is the "brain" of a computer, responsible for executing instructions from programs, performing calculations, and managing data flow within the system.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Clock Speed

Back:
Clock speed refers to the rate at which a CPU can execute instructions, typically measured in hertz (Hz). Higher clock speeds generally mean faster processing, although other factors like architecture also play a role.

Flashcard 4

Front:
Flash Memory

Back:
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data even when powered off. It is commonly used in USB drives, SSDs, and memory cards due to its fast read and write speeds.

Flashcard 5

Front:
Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte

Back:

• 1 Byte = 8 bits

• 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 Bytes

• 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB

• 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB

• 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB

These are units of digital information used to measure file sizes and storage capacity.

Flashcard 6

Front:
Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz)

Back:

• 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second

• 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second
  These units measure clock speed, indicating how many cycles a processor can perform in one second.

Flashcard 7

Front:
Hard Drive

Back:
A hard drive (HDD) is a traditional data storage device that uses spinning disks and a read/write head to store data magnetically. It's slower than SSDs but offers larger storage capacities at a lower cost.

Flashcard 8

Front:
Hyper-threading, Multi-threading, Multicore

Back:

• Hyper-threading: A CPU feature allowing a single core to handle two threads simultaneously for improved performance.

• Multi-threading: A method where a processor handles multiple threads or tasks concurrently.

• Multicore: Refers to a CPU with multiple processing units (cores) that can handle different tasks in parallel, improving overall performance.

Flashcard 9

Front:
Physical Core vs. Logical Core

Back:

• Physical Core: A physical processor core capable of executing tasks.

• Logical Core: A virtual core created by technologies like hyper-threading, allowing a single physical core to handle multiple tasks at once.

Flashcard 10

Front:
Primary Storage vs. Secondary Storage

Back:

• Primary Storage: Fast, temporary storage like RAM used for immediate processing tasks.

• Secondary Storage: Long-term storage like hard drives and SSDs used to store data permanently.

Flashcard 11

Front:
Random-Access Memory (RAM)

Back:
RAM is volatile memory used by the CPU to store data and instructions that are actively being used. Data is lost when the computer is powered off.

Flashcard 12

Front:
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Back:
ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores data, such as firmware or boot instructions, and cannot be easily altered or written over.

Flashcard 13

Front:
Solid-State Drive (SSD)

Back:
An SSD is a type of storage device that uses flash memory (instead of spinning disks) to store data, offering faster read and write speeds than traditional hard drives.

Flashcard 14

Front:
IP Address

Back:
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to devices on a network, allowing them to communicate with each other. It can be IPv4 (32-bit) or IPv6 (128-bit).

Flashcard 15

Front:
Cables (Coaxial, Fiber, Twisted-Pair)

Back:

• Coaxial Cable: A cable that carries data signals using a copper core and an insulating layer, commonly used for cable television and internet.

• Fiber Optic Cable: A cable made of glass or plastic fibers that transmit data as light signals, offering high-speed internet with minimal signal loss.

• Twisted-Pair Cable: A cable consisting of pairs of wires twisted together to reduce interference, commonly used in Ethernet networking.

Flashcard 16

Front:
Packets and Their Basic Contents (To, From, Data, Hash)

Back:
Packets are small units of data transmitted over a network. Basic contents include:

• To: Destination address

• From: Source address

• Data: The actual data being transmitted

• Hash: A code used to ensure data integrity and security.

Flashcard 17

Front:
Ping

Back:
Ping is a network diagnostic tool used to test connectivity between devices. It sends a request to a target device and measures the response time to ensure the network is operational.

Flashcard 18

Front:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Back:
TCP/IP is the fundamental suite of communication protocols that enables devices to connect to and communicate over the internet. TCP ensures reliable transmission, while IP handles addressing and routing.

Flashcard 19

Front:
LANs and WANs

Back:

• LAN (Local Area Network): A network confined to a small geographic area, like a home or office, typically connected via Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

• WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a larger geographic area, often connecting multiple LANs, like the internet.

Flashcard 20

Front:
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

Back:
A VPN creates a secure, encrypted connection between a device and a network over the internet, protecting data privacy and allowing secure access to restricted resources.

Flashcard 21

Front:
Internet vs. WWW vs. Cloud

Back:

Internet: The global network that connects millions of computers and devices.

WWW (World Wide Web): A system of interlinked web pages accessed through browsers, running on the internet.

Cloud: A remote computing service that provides storage, computing power, and applications over the internet, without the need for local hardware.

Flashcard 1

Front:
Information Granularity

Back:
Information granularity refers to the level of detail or aggregation in data. Fine-grained data is highly detailed, while coarse-grained data is more summarized.

Flashcard 2

Front:
Transactional Information

Back:
Transactional information refers to data captured during daily business operations, such as sales, customer orders, or financial transactions. It is typically used for operational purposes.

Flashcard 3

Front:
Analytical Information

Back:
Analytical information refers to data used to analyze trends, patterns, and business performance. It supports decision-making and is typically used for reporting and business intelligence.

Flashcard 4

Front:
Real-Time Information/Systems

Back:
Real-time information refers to data that is available immediately after collection, often updated continuously. Real-time systems are designed to provide this information instantaneously for immediate decision-making.

Flashcard 5

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Accuracy

Back:
Accuracy refers to how close data is to the true values or reality. It ensures that the information is correct and free from errors.

Flashcard 6

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Completeness

Back:
Completeness refers to whether all required data is available. Incomplete data can lead to misleading analysis or decisions.

Flashcard 7

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Consistency

Back:
Consistency refers to the absence of conflicting information across different sources or systems. Data should be consistent across databases, reports, and systems.

Flashcard 8

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Timeliness

Back:
Timeliness refers to the extent to which information is up-to-date and available when needed. Information should be current to be useful for decision-making.

Flashcard 9

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Validity

Back:
Validity refers to whether the data meets the standards and constraints defined for it. It ensures that the data is suitable for its intended use.

Flashcard 10

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Uniqueness

Back:
Uniqueness refers to ensuring that data entries are not duplicated. Duplicates can lead to inaccurate analysis or reports.

Flashcard 11

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Relevance

Back:
Relevance refers to how applicable and useful the information is to the task or decision at hand. Irrelevant data can waste resources and hinder decision-making.

Flashcard 12

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Reliability

Back:
Reliability refers to the consistency of the data and the system that generates it. Reliable data is consistently accurate over time and across systems.

Flashcard 13

Front:
Measures of Information Quality: Accessibility

Back:
Accessibility refers to how easily data can be retrieved and used by authorized individuals or systems. Data should be readily available when needed.

Flashcard 14

Front:
“Satisficing”

Back:
"Satisficing" is a decision-making strategy where individuals seek a solution that meets their minimum criteria, rather than an optimal or perfect solution. This is often used when faced with limited time or resources.

Flashcard 15

Front:
Relational Database

Back:
A relational database is a type of database that stores data in tables with rows and columns, allowing for easy relationships between different pieces of data. Data is organized and accessed using Structured Query Language (SQL).

Flashcard 16

Front:
DBMS (Database Management System)

Back:
A DBMS is software that manages and organizes databases, allowing users to create, update, and retrieve data. It provides an interface between users and the database.

Flashcard 17

Front:
Normalization

Back:
Normalization is the process of organizing a database to reduce redundancy and dependency by dividing large tables into smaller, more manageable ones, ensuring efficient data storage and retrieval.

Flashcard 18

Front:
Business-Critical Integrity Constraint

Back:
A business-critical integrity constraint refers to rules that ensure the integrity and validity of data in a database, particularly when the data is crucial for the business's core operations. These constraints protect against data corruption or inconsistency.