need to memorize

• GAS- A pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor

  • Alarm reaction: the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor

  • Resistance: the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor

  • Exhaustion: the body depletes its resources

• Psychophysiological illness: any stress related illness, ex- hypertension, heachaches

• Psychoneuroimmunology: the study of how stress affects our resistance to disease 

• Immune system-system that defends your body by isolation and destroying bacteria and viruses

  • Lymphocytes: white blood cells (2 types)

    • B lymphocytes: bone marrow, fight bacterial infections

    • T lymphocytes: form in lymphatic tissue and fight cancer cells

    • Macrophage; (big eaters)--identity, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders

    • Natural killer cells (NK CELLS), attack disease cells invaded by cancer/virus

• Physiological hunger: would hunger persist without stomach pangs? Researcher removed rats stomachs and attached their esophagi to their small einsteins: rats would eat and some hunger persists similarly in humans whose ulcerated or had stomach removed

• The hypothalamus is responsible for eating behavior

• Stimulations in the hypothalamus  mnemonics!! 

  • Ventromedial area

    • Vomit

    • Stop eating

  • Lateral area

    • Keep eating

• Lesion area is the opposite of stimulation 

If you were to lesion the ventromedial- they eat to death

Lesion to lateral area: they stop eating

• Increase appetite:

  • Ghrelin: a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. Sends the “I’m hungry” signal to brain

  • Orexin: hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

• Decrease Appetite:

  • Insulin: hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

  • Obestain: a sister hormone to ghrelin, is produced by the same gene, but obestatin sends out a fullness signal that suppress hunger

  • Leptin: a protein that is secreted by fact cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

  • PVY: Digestive tract hormone, send the “I’m not hungry” signal to brain 

• Alfed insey: large surveys, found that people that talk about sex is dif from how they feel about it

Mastersn ad Johnsons: found we have 4 phaes of sexual response cycle 

Hunger: the physical process Empirical means measurable and observable 

• Generally, empirical studies make research more straightforward

Hunger mental process: A ‘desire’ to eat is not empirical and hard to study

• What tastes good is a perception; perceptions are basically opinions not empirical and are hard to study 

• non-empirical” reasons for hunger? 

Ghrelin is released by the stomach and stimulates appetite, causes u to eat- tummy goes GRR

Leptin: being full or less appetite, leptin makes you LEAN 

Wasburns studies: need hierarchy, becoming food obsessed=lost interest in social activities

Increase insulin, decrease blood glucose

Glucose low=hunger

Lateral hypthalamus is stimulated=hunger

Lateral hypothalamus is destroyed: suppress hunger

Ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated: vomit+stop eating

Ventromedial hytpothalamus destroyed: excessive eating

Oxerin: brain increases metabolism and decreases hunger

Insulin: controls blood lgucose

Obestain: hormone that supresses appetite

Ghrelin: hunger triggering hormone-in digestive tract

Leptin: sends the im full to brain-in fat cells

PYY: sends the I’m hungry to brain

When someone looses weight fat cells shrink 

Masters and johnson stages: excitement, plataeu, orgasm, resolution

Approach avoid: not wanting either 

Affiliation needs: need to build relationships and be apart ofgroup 

Ostracized individuals have higher activity in anterior cingulate cortex, same reaction to physical pain 

Achievement motivation: desitrr for significant accomplishment

Grit: passion and perseverance of long term goals 

Sympathetic nervous system (response) Amygdala emotion

The limbic system

• Two pathways differ- they have some things in common both rely heavily on the limbic system

  • The amygdala plays important role in both emotion paths, plays a role in positive and neg emotions 

Zajonc; LeDoux: low road, fear- you see a ghost and you feel automatically very scared- high road- you see the ghost and you realize your an empathetic person and become a graveyard cleaner  

1.  autonomic nervous system have in emotions? directs your adrenal glands to release stress hormones, and to provide energy liver pours extra sugar into bloodstream (569)___

2. What gland does the sympathetic nervous system activate when you become stressed?_adernal____and what hormones does this gland release?  eniephrine_ also known as adrenaline___, and norepinephrine___also known as nonaderaline (569)_.

3. When these hormones surge, it causes your liver to do what and for what purpose? Your book identifies two:
   

   1. Providing Energy (569)___

   2. Pours extra sugar into the bloodstream (569)____

Stress is not a situation but a response

• Differences of stress and stressor

  • stress : a physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation

  • Stressor: a stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation 

Stress positives:

Good for immune system

Emotional intelligence 

Distress:

Chronic stress can harm individuals 

Difference of traumatic stressor and life events is that life events are catastorphes like a death, while a traumatic stressor threatens yours and multiple others safety 

Response to a normal stressor

• The physical response to a normal stressor is fairly universal as well and follows the same sequence

• An imitation of arousal

• A protective behavioral reaction (fight or flight)

• Internal response of the autonomic nervous system

• A decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system