Unit 1.02 Overview Health Science Honors

Key Sections

• Anatomical Positions

  • Standard Anatomical Position: Facing forward, feet flat, arms out, palms facing forward.

  • Prone: Lying on the stomach, often used for neck and spinal surgeries.

  • Supine: Lying on the back, easy to remember as "you're on your spine".

  • Trendelenburg: The table or bed is tilted so the head is lower than the feet, usually used as an emergency treatment for hypotension or shock.

  • Fowler’s: Sitting position with three variations:

    • Low Fowler’s: 30-degree angle.

    • Fowler’s: 45-degree angle.

    • High Fowler’s: 90-degree angle.

• Directional Terms

  • Anterior/Ventral: Toward the front.

  • Posterior/Dorsal: Toward the back.

  • Cranial: Toward the head.

  • Caudal: Toward the tail end.

  • Superior: Above or toward the top.

  • Inferior: Below or toward the bottom.

  • Medial: Toward the middle.

  • Lateral: Toward the side.

  • Proximal: Closest to the point of attachment.

  • Distal: Farthest from the point of attachment.

  • Superficial: On the surface.

  • Deep: Inside.

• Body Planes

  • Imaginary lines that divide the body:

    • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body side to side.

    • Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides the body front and back.

    • Transverse Plane: Divides the body top and bottom.

• Body Cavities

  • Ventral (Front) Cavities:

    • Thoracic: Contains heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, esophagus, thymus.

    • Abdominal: Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, large and small intestines, appendix.

    • Pelvic: Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.

    • Abdominopelvic: Combined abdominal and pelvic cavities.

  • Dorsal (Back) Cavities:

    • Cranial: Contains brain.

    • Spinal: Contains spinal cord.

• Abdominal Quadrants

  • Four subdivisions of the abdomen using the navel as a landmark:

    • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, right adrenal gland.

    • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter.

    • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, left adrenal gland.

    • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Left ureter, reproductive organs.

• Abdominal Pelvic Regions

  • Right and Left Columns:

    • Hypochondriac Regions (Left and Right): Below the cartilage of the ribs.

    • Lumbar Regions (Left and Right): Near the lower back vertebrae.

    • Iliac Regions (Left and Right): Near the iliac crest of the hip bone.

  • Middle Column:

    • Epigastric Region: Above the stomach.

    • Umbilical Region: Contains the navel (umbilicus).

    • Hypogastric Region: Below the stomach.

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