Unemployment: State of being without a job while actively searching for work.
Many face difficulties finding jobs; this can lead to being categorized inaccurately in statistics.
Quality of Life Issues: Individuals may live with parents or not search for jobs, leading to worse personal conditions but may not be counted in unemployment statistics.
The government’s unemployment statistics do not account for:
Discouraged Workers: Individuals who want to work but stop searching due to prolonged lack of success.
False Reporting: Some people may falsely claim to be unemployed to receive benefits or avoid taxes on part-time cash jobs.
Active Job Seekers: People actively looking for work counted as unemployed.
Marginally Attached Workers: Individuals not actively seeking work but want to work; may have looked for a job in the past 12 months but not in the past four weeks.
U3 Definition: Classic measure including only those actively looking for work.
Alternative Measurements: U4 (includes discouraged workers), U5 (includes marginally attached workers), and U6 (includes underemployed).
Various measures can show a wider perspective on joblessness.
Short-term Unemployment: Typically reflects those who quickly find new jobs; more frequent in statistics.
Long-term Unemployment: Refers to individuals who are unemployed for several months; poses significant risks to individuals as they face greater struggle.
Snapshot of unemployment may highlight more long-term unemployed, while the overall trend may show high turnover with short-term unemployment.
Example: Continuous cycle of short-term unemployment leads to a perception of a higher long-term unemployed base.
Men’s Participation: Historically higher but has declined due to factors such as:
Increased education duration.
Early retirement options.
Women’s Participation: Increased from below 40% in the 1950s to almost 60%:
Improved labor-saving technologies and birth control; societal changes in roles.
Natural Rate of Unemployment: The baseline level of unemployment in a stable economy, hypothesized to be around 4.4% in the U.S.
Assumes unemployment includes frictional and structural unemployment even during normal economic climates.
Any deviations from the natural rate are referred to as cyclical unemployment.
Frictional Unemployment: Temporary unemployment as workers transition between jobs.
Structural Unemployment: Mismatch of skills and available jobs; often caused by wage restrictions:
Wage is above equilibrium level leading to job shortages.
May create surplus labor if set above equilibrium, impacting mostly low-wage workers.
Workers band together to negotiate better terms but may raise wage levels causing higher unemployment due to cutbacks on hiring.
Theory that higher pay can lead to a more productive and loyal workforce:
Example: Henry Ford's pioneering wage model to attract talent without frequent turnover.
Reviewed measurements of unemployment, different categories of workers, labor participation trends, and types of unemployment including frictional and structural.
Key takeaways include understanding various rates of unemployment and their implications on the economy.