Electricity - Movement of electrons, invisible force that provides light, heat, sound, motion.

Elements - The simplest form of matter

Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all of the properties of that element.

Nucleus - The center portion of an atom containing the protons and neutrons.

Protons - Positively charged atomic particles.

Neutrons - Uncharged atomic particle

atomic number - is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Electric - Negatively charged particles.

Electron Orbitals - Orbits in which electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

Valence Electrons - The outermost ring of electrons in an atom

Conductors - Electrons flow easily between atom, 1-3 valence electrons in outer orbit.

Insulators - Electron flow is difficult between atoms, 5-8 valence electrons in outer orbit

Electrical Circuit - A system of conductors and components forming a complete path for current to trave

Current - The flow of electric charge. measured in AMPERES(A)

Conventional Current - assumes that current flows out of the positive side of the battery, through the circuit, and back to the negative side of the battery.

Electron Flow - is what actually happens. The electrons flow out of the negative side of the battery, through the circuit, and back to the positive side of the battery.

Voltage - The force (pressure) that causes current to flow, measured in VOLTS (V)

Resistance - The opposition of current flow, measured in Ohms (Ω)

Multimeter - An instrument used to measure the properties of an electrical circuit.

V(Voltage/volts) - I(current/amperes) multiply to R(resistance/ohms)

I(current/amperes) - V(Voltage/volts) divided by R(resistance/ohms)

R(resistance/ohms) - V(Voltage/volts) divided by I(current/amperes)

Series Circuits - Components are connected end-to-end, there is only a single path for current to flow.

Parallel Circuits - Both ends of the components are connected together, there are multiple paths for current to flow.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) - The sum of all of the voltage drops in a series circuit equals the total applied voltage.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) - The total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the individual branch currents.

Series Circuits - A circuit that contains only one path for current flow.

Parallel Circuits - A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow

Combination Circuits - Contain both series and parallel arrangements

Electrical power - is directly related to the amount of current and voltage within a system, is measured in watts.

Positively charge - A material is a positive charge if it lacks electrons. When a material losses electron, leaving more protons, it becomes positively charge. The number of protons exceeded the number of electrons.

Negatively charge - When a material gains electrons, it becomes negatively charge due to excess number of electrons. The number of electrons is more than the number of protons

electroscope - is a device that detects the presence of electric charges on objects. It is a made of a small compartment mostly made of glass (a glass jar, for example) with a metal rod inserted into it through an insulator cap.

Charles Coulomb - first described electric field strengths in the 1780's. Using a device called the torsion balance, he found that for point charges, the electrical force varies directly with the product of the charges.

Electric flux - The total number of electric field lines passing a given area in a unit time, is the amount of electric field penetrating a surface area.

Electric Flux - it is the product of the electric field and the area of the surface.

Carl Friedrich Gauss - (1777–1855) one of the Greatest mathematicians of ALL time, formulated the gauss law

GAUSS'S LAW - Stipulates that When We Consider A Completely Closed Surface Around An electric Charge, the total electric flux through that Surface is only proportional to the Strength of that Charge; it is independent of the Shape and Size of the Surface And the exact position and distribution of the electric Charge inside that Surface.

GAUSS'S LAW - States that the total electric flux through any closed surface (a surface enclosing a definite volume) is proportional to the total (net) electric charge inside the surface.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY - It is the energy that is needed to move an electric charge against an electric field.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL - It is the amount of work needed to move an electric charge from its reference point to specific point on electric field.

capacitor - device where the energy of a charged particle can be stored in, is a device which is used to store electrical charge

CAPACITANCE - The measure of the extent to which a capacitor can store charge, it describes how much charge an arrangement of conductors can hold for a given voltage applied.

dielectric - The insulating layer between capacitors plates

parallel plate capacitor - arrangement of two parallel plates of area A is being stored with charges Q and –Q on opposite plates using a battery of given potential difference.

cylindrical capacitor - consists of two concentric, conducting cylinders.

spherical capacitor - is formed by two concentric conducting spheres.

dielectric - is a nonconducting material that, when placed between the plates of a capacitor, increases the capacitance.

Resistance - is the opposition a material offers to current. The symbol is R.

resistor - is an electrical device that resists current, and the difference between ohmic and non-ohmic resistors relates to how the resistor reacts to different types of current that pass through it.

greater electrical pressure or emf - will increase the current flowing through a conductor, This is true only if the conductor is made of the same material, of the same length, of the same diameter, and if the temperature remains constant.

Law of lengths - The current flowing through a wire will be reduced if the wire were made longer, using the same power source. This has been proven through experiments.

Law of Diameters - The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the square of its diameter or its cross-sectional area

Law of Nature of the Material - Wires of different materials offer different amounts of resistance. At the same temperature, copper wire offers only 1/6 the resistance of an iron wire of the same length and diameter.

Law of temperatures - All substances whether metal or non metal, register a change in electrical resistance as the temperature changes. In pure metals and in alloys, the resistance increases significantly as the temperature rises.

Voltage - which is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential difference (PD) is the electric pressure that causes current to flow, unit is joule per coulomb, which is called volts (V)

potential difference - is defined as the amount of energy used by one coulomb of charge in moving from one point to the other. It is measured in volts and represented by the symbol V.

electromotive force - is the total voltage induces by the source. In other words, it is the amount of energy supplied by the source to each coulomb of charge. It is measured in volts and represented by the symbol ε (epsilon).

Source or Supply – it provides the voltage needed to force current through the circuit (example: battery)

Conductors – it is where the current travels (example: Copper, Gold, Silver wire)

Load – It is a device that converts elevtrical energy into some useful form (electric motor, light bulb)

Control device or switch – opens or closes the circuit

Protection device – it interrupts the circuit in case of malfunction (fuse, circuit breaker

series circuit - in this circuit, there is only one path for current to flow.

parallel circuit - In this circuit, we have two or more loops for the current to flow through.

Power - is the rate of energy transfer, It is equal to the product of current and voltage, its unit is the watt (W) when voltage is in volts and current is in amperes.

voltmeter - is an instrument that measures the difference in electrical potential between two points in an electric circuit.

analog voltmeter - voltmeter that has a pointer that moves across a scale in proportion to the circuit’s voltage.

digital voltmeter - voltmeter that provides a numerical display, usually designed around a special type of analog-to-digital converter called an integrating converter.

ammeter - measures the electric current in a circuit. The name is derived from the name for the SI unit for electric current, amperes (A).