unit 4 history test

Belief System-set of principles that shape a person’s behavior and guide their interactions with the world

Traditional Religion-traditional religions are religions that are older than most major religions and have 5 characteristics

Universal Religion-universal religions are more widespread religions that are adaptable to new locations and cultures, have a broad appeal, and are tied to a powerful state

Polytheism-many gods

Animism-see the world as animate, spirits inhabiting everything

Syncretism-the mixing of religions

Shinto-indegionous religion of japan; centered around kami; animist

Kami-name of spirits in shinto religion

Yoruba-tribe in western nigeria

Olorun-high god in yoruba religion

Orissa-spirits who possessed people to deliver messages

Maurya Empire-unified india; shaundragupta founded it; fell because of treasury; had spy network; large military; civil laws to govern traders and merchants; had centralized government

Chandragupta Maurya-started the mauryan empire

Ashoka-ruler in maurya empire

Arthashastra-how to rule handbook for rulers in muryan empire

Rock and Pillar Edicts-where the laws of mauryan, mixed moral and law ideas, shared buddhist philosphy; were written by ashoka

Gupta Empire-golden age in china-scholars thrived

Sri Gupta-ruler of gupta empire

Chandragupta II-he expanded the gupta empire; patron of the arts-helped promote hinduism

Brahmanism-religion from central asia; turns into hinduism; agricultural structured developed from vedic religion

Hinduism-very decentralized religion; when mixed with brahmanism

Brahma-deity that represents birth

Vishnu-deity that represents existence/growth

Shiva-deity that represents destruction

*Mahabharata-*one of the epics

*Ramayana-*meant to be inspiring; looked at during times of adversary because characters face a lot of challenges

*Bhagavad Gita-*most famous part of the Mahabharata

Dharma-your responsibilities-how you should act; based on your varna(what class you are in)

Bhakti-self-devotion

Atman-your soul; you; consciousness

Karma-moral cause and effect-do the right thing-do dharma to get good karma

Samsara-reincarnation; you want out to live with brahma

Moksha-the release forms samsara being reunited with brahma

Brahman-world, spirit, reality truth

Brahma-god who is the life giving force of the universe

Maya-illusion of separation of brahman and atman

Complex Monotheism-one god who appears in different forms

Siddhartha Gautama-person who started buddhism; buddha

Buddha-started Buddhism, awoke by realizing everyone is united by suffering

Sangha-buddha’s close group-like jesus’ disciples

Dhamma (Dharma)-helps you end up where you should and is good for community; responsibilites

Middle Way-living in moderation

Four Noble Truths-suffering is in the world, suffering is caused by desires, remove suffering by changing our outlook and desires, move away from suffering through noble eigthfold path

Noble Eightfold Path-right view, intention, speech, actions, livelyhood, effort, mindfulness, concentration; how to get rid of your suffering

Nirvana-state of enlightenment

Theravada-the way of the ancestors; following buddhists examples as closely as possible; argued as a philosophy

Mahayana-more mystical; some have declared buddha divine

Vajrayana-practiced mostly in tibet; makes mandala art made of sand; yoga and meditation

Bodhisattva-people who have achieved all but enlightenment; stop being reincarnated; stay on earth to help other people on path to enlightenment

Ashoka-king who spread buddhism throughout asia; ruler of the mauryan empire-268-232; saw a rebellion against his empire where his people killed people and started to spread buddhism and follow its principle

Kushan Empire-Yuezhi; what is today afghanistan; has greek influence; adopted greek alphabet to create written language; had buddhism as primary religion

Kanishka the Great-one of the rulers of the kushan empire; devout buddhist; built stupas

Sogdians-300-700 CE, lived around modern tajikistan and uzbekistan

Stupa- domed monument that included a relic of buddha or scenes from his teachings

Kumarajiva-lived in 300-400 CE; buddhist translator who clarified ideas and made buddhist texts more accessible

Xuanzang- known was traveling widely and gathering untranslated texts and translating them into chinese

Six Dynasties Period-what happened after the collapse of the han dynasty; period of fighting were several states tried to take over

Judaism**-monotheistic religion that originated in israel; most of the history we know is from the bible/torah/koran; no archeological or historical evidence**

Torah-jewish bible

Pentateuch-jewish bible

Hebrew Bible-the torah that has jewish history and teachings; first five books of the bible

Patriarch-father

Abraham-patriarch of the jews

Semitic-what jewish and arab people are referred to as; descendants of shem

Israel-the name of the country for jews,

Israelite-citizen of israel, jews

Moses-man who freed the israelites from slavery in egypt

Canaan-where abrahams family moved to

Diaspora-jews exiled from rome for thousands of years

Judah-one of the jewish kingdoms

Judea-what israel and judah become after romans took over

Covenant-a promise with god that said that the jews were god’s chosen people

Babylonian Exile-period after conquest of Babylonians; period after Israel and Judah conquered

Abrahamic Religion-religions that recognize Abraham as their patriarch-first prophet

Orthopraxy-more concerned with what people did instead of what they thought

Orthodoxy-more conquered with what you think/believed then what you did

Christianity

Jesus-lived early century ce; took the sins of the world on his shoulders to wash our sins away

Pontius Pilate-high ranking official who is responsible for overseeing jesus’ trial

Paul of Tarsus-spread christianity across the globe

Imperial Cult-centered around the imperial family(emperors); augustus wanted caesar to be declared a god

Gospels-books of the bible that tell of the stories and teachings of jesus

Martyr-someone who suffers intensively and is typically killed for their faith

Vibia Perpetua-lived in carthage after rome took over; roman elite women who was a christian

• arrested, held in prison and eventually put into gladiator game to be eaten by animals

• one of the christian martyrs and later became a saint

  • servant of vibia is felicity who is romans first black saint

Constantine-fought to become roman emperor and had dream night of a roman battle

• had a dream of the symbols of christ and thought that if you fought under the symbol you would win the battle

• makes christianity legal as thank you for winning the

Nicene Creed-constantine calls bishops of christianity to make the religion more consistent

• statement about what it means to be a christian

Byzantium-where constantine established-constantinople as capital of constantine’s empire

• constantinople is now istanbul, turkey

• byzantium is where byzantine empire gets the name