Exam 3 Nursing & Healthcare Review (copy)

Sexuality Questions from School-Aged Children

• Provide straightforward answers using age-appropriate language.

  • Avoid complex or lengthy explanations; keep responses simple, clear, and honest to prevent confusion.

School-Age Kids’ Safety Concerns

• Leading cause of death in this age group is motor vehicle crashes

• Wear protective equipment, Observe traffic signals, Practice water safety. Learn to swim, and never swim alone

Preschoolers and Traumatic Events (e.g., Divorce)

• Children at this age may interpret the failing marriage as their fault. Parents need to try to privately resolve their conflicts and spare the children undue emotional pain

  • Children should feel that they have their own space in both parents homes. Allowing children to leave toys and clothing at the “other home” helps to reinforce a sense of belonging

Sibling Rivalry

• Do not react to all sibling disputes unless there is the threat of immediate harm. Allow children to resolve crises themselves. Avoid placing blame or taking sides. Separate Children until they are calm, have children suggest resolutions to their conflicts, use family meetings to resolve major conflicts, and seek professional help when behavior persists without improvement.

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Nightmares in School-Aged Kids

• Understand that nightmares are common among school-aged children and usually not indicative of a serious medical issue.

  • Educate children and parents that nightmares typically decrease over time.

  • Nightmares often increase because children struggle to differentiate between reality and fantasy, leading to heightened anxiety.

Bullying

• If you witness bullying, consider that the bully might have been a victim of bullying themselves.

  • Bullies often replicate behaviors they have experienced, acting out what was done to them.

Language and Speech Development

• If a child struggles to form sentences or exhibits significant language delays, it may indicate an underlying developmental issue.

  • Further assessment and intervention may be necessary to support the child's language development.

Bedtime Routines

• For children who resist going to bed:

  • Establish a consistent bedtime routine to signal that it's time to sleep.

  • Set clear boundaries regarding bedtime and stick to them to avoid power struggles.

  • Consistency is key to reinforcing the routine and ensuring children understand the expectations.

• Avoid stimulating activities before bed; instead, engage in soothing and calming activities to promote relaxation.

  • Reading, gentle music, or quiet play can help prepare children for sleep.

Discipline Strategies

• Implement discipline strategies such as:

  • Time out to allow children to calm down and reflect on their behavior.

  • Patience when addressing challenging behaviors.

  • Positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors.

  • Setting clear boundaries and consistently enforcing them to provide structure and security.

Fears of School-Aged Kids

• Common fears among school-aged children include:

  • Abandonment

  • The dark

  • Divorce

  • Dying

  • Being sick

Four-Year-Olds and Permanence

• Understand that four-year-olds typically do not grasp the concept of permanence.

  • They may believe that lost items can return or that wishing can alter events, such as a parent's death.

  • This behavior is normal; they may think being good or making wishes can change undesirable outcomes.

Growth Rate

• Most age groups (including preschool and school-age) experience a slow and steady growth rate after the initial rapid growth in infancy.

  • Avoid focusing on memorizing specific measurements; instead, understand the general pattern of growth.

Preschooler Dental Health

• Emphasize the following points to parents regarding preschooler dental health:

  • Use fluoride toothpaste to protect against cavities.

  • Use a soft toothbrush to gently clean teeth.

  • Schedule dental visits twice a year (every six months) for regular check-ups and cleanings.

Preschool Children Cognitive Abilities

• Preschool children understand the relationship between actions and consequences (cause and effect).

Promoting Good Eating Habits

• Encourage good eating habits by:

  • Avoiding forcing children to eat everything on their plate.

  • Refraining from using sweet treats as rewards for eating healthy food.

  • Limiting snack consumption between meals.

Erik Erikson's Developmental Stages

• Understand Erik Erikson's developmental stages:

  • Toddler: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

  • Infant: Trust vs. Mistrust

  • Infants develop trust through consistent bonding with their caregiver and having their needs promptly met.

Birth Order Theory

• Understand the basic principles of birth order theory:

  • The second child tends to be competitive.

  • The first child often takes on a leadership role.

  • The third child is typically considered the "baby" of the family.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

• Thoroughly review Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Family Units

• Know the distinctions between functional and dysfunctional family units.

• Review different family types, including traditional, modern, and communal families.

Infant Growth Patterns

• Infants grow from the center of the body outward and from head to toe (proximodistal development).

• Growth and development are individualized; children of the same age may develop at varying rates and levels, which is normal.

Family Patterns

• Know the characteristics of authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire family patterns.

Development Sequence

• Development progresses in an orderly sequence, generally from simple to complex.

• Each developmental milestone builds upon the previous one (e.g., learning A before B, and A and B before C).

Language Development

• A general guideline is that the number of words in a sentence corresponds roughly to the child's age. For instance, a four-year-old may speak in four-word sentences.

Toddler Physical Characteristics

• Toddlers often have a "pot belly" appearance due to the curvature in their lumbar spine.

Teething

• The first teeth typically emerge around seven months of age.

Toddler Messes and Erikson

• Scolding a toddler harshly for making a mess can lead to feelings of shame and negatively impact their development, according to Erikson's theory.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

• Review strategies for preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Infant Reflexes

• Review the natural reflexes observed in infants.

Disciplining Toddlers

• Effective discipline for toddlers typically does not involve reasoning with them.

Toddler Tantrums

• If parents are concerned about a child having tantrums before naps, suggest implementing quiet time instead.

• Tantrums are often expressions of frustration when children lack the verbal skills to articulate their feelings.

• Explore alternative strategies to help children express their frustration in more constructive ways.

Leading Cause of Toddler Death

• Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death in toddlers.

• Educate parents about the importance of using car seats to ensure toddlers' safety while in the car.

Motor Development

• Know the typical motor development milestones for different age groups.

• For example, a one-year-old can barely stand, a three-year-old can stand on one foot, and preschoolers can hop.

Fontanels

• Know the approximate ages at which the anterior and posterior fontanels close.

Safe Toys for Infants

• Understand guidelines for selecting safe toys for infants (birth to one year).

Pincer Grasp

• Assess the pincer grasp (fine motor skill) by observing an infant picking up small, safe objects like Cheerios.

Babbling

• Infants typically begin to babble between three to six months of age.

Amblyopia

• Amblyopia, if left untreated, can lead to blindness in the affected eye.

Toddler's Regression

• Toddlers may exhibit regression (negativistic behavior) when a new sibling arrives.

• For instance, they might throw fits when the baby receives a new toy or gift.

Infant Birth Weight

• By six months of age, an infant's birth weight should double.

• For example, a seven-pound baby at birth should weigh approximately fourteen pounds at six months.

Infant and Toddler Foods

• Know which finger foods are safe for toddlers and which ones pose a choking hazard.

Infant Motor Development

• Know the typical ages at which infants can hold their heads up, walk independently, pull themselves to a standing position, and sit without support.

Infant Sleep

• Infants typically sleep around twenty hours a day.

Introduction of foods to infants

• Introduce new foods to infants every few days to monitor for any allergic reactions.