STUDY CH 1 AP

Anatomy Chapter 1 - Key Notes (Excluding Regions & Quadrants)

Anatomy vs Physiology

• Anatomy: Study of form and structure.

• Physiology: Study of how body functions.

• Form and function are interrelated.

Scientific Method in Anatomy & Physiology

• Observe natural events.

• Form hypothesis.

• Test via experiments.

• Analyze data to accept/reject hypothesis.

Types of Anatomy

• Microscopic: Includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).

• Gross (Macroscopic): Includes systemic, regional, surface, comparative, and embryology.

• Pathological: Study of disease-based anatomical changes.

• Radiographic: Anatomy seen through imaging.

Types of Physiology

• Cardiovascular: Heart and blood vessels.

• Respiratory: Lungs and airways.

• Neurophysiology: Nerves and nervous system.

• Reproductive: Reproductive organs.

• Pathophysiology: Body functions under disease/injury.

Characteristics of Living Things

• Organization, Metabolism (Anabolism + Catabolism), Growth/Development, Responsiveness, Regulation (Homeostasis), Reproduction.

Levels of Organization

• Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

11 Organ Systems

• Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, Reproductive.

Body Planes and Sections

• Coronal: Front and back.

• Transverse: Top and bottom.

• Midsagittal: Equal left/right halves.

• Sagittal: Unequal left/right parts.

• Oblique: Angled section.

Anatomic Position & Directional Terms

• Standard position: Standing upright, palms forward.

• Directional pairs: anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, dorsal/ventral.

Body Regions

• Axial: Head, neck, trunk.

• Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs.

Body Cavities

• Posterior: Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord).

• Ventral: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Serous Membranes and Cavities

• Parietal: Lines body wall.

• Visceral: Covers organ.

• Serous cavity: Space with lubricating fluid.

Thoracic Cavity Components

• Mediastinum: Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea.

• Pericardium: Membrane around heart.

• Pleura: Membrane around lungs.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Components

• Abdominal cavity: Digestive organs, kidneys.

• Pelvic cavity: Bladder, reproductive organs, lower intestines.

• Peritoneum: Serous membrane of this cavity.

Homeostasis

• Ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

• Controlled via feedback mechanisms.

Clinical Homeostasis Ranges

• Body Temp: ~98.6°F

• Blood Glucose: 80–110 mg/dL (normal range = 95% of healthy population)

Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants with Organs

Abdominopelvic Regions and Organs

Umbilical region:

- Small intestine

- Transverse colon

·       Epigastric region:

- Stomach

- Liver

- Pancreas

- Duodenum

·       Hypogastric region:

- Urinary bladder

- Sigmoid colon

- Female reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries)

·       Right Hypochondriac region:

- Liver

- Gallbladder

- Right kidney

·       Left Hypochondriac region:

- Stomach

- Spleen

- Left kidney

·       Right Lumbar region:

- Ascending colon

- Right kidney

- Small intestine

·       Left Lumbar region:

- Descending colon

- Left kidney

- Small intestine

·       Right Iliac (Inguinal) region:

- Appendix

- Cecum

- Small intestine

·       Left Iliac (Inguinal) region:

- Sigmoid colon

- Small intestine

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Organs

·       Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ):

- Liver

- Gallbladder

- Right kidney

- Parts of small & large intestine

·       Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ):

- Stomach

- Spleen

- Left kidney

- Pancreas

- Parts of small & large intestine

·       Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ):

- Appendix

- Right ovary and fallopian tube

- Right ureter

- Parts of small & large intestine

·       Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ):

- Left ovary and fallopian tube

- Left ureter

- Parts of small & large intestine