By mid 18th century approximately 89% of Europeans farmed for a living

• Economy dominated by agriculture was driven by labor

Overseas trade was responsible for a greater demand of goods and manufacturing labor

Agricultural Revolution increased food production and freed labor from the traditional agricultural practices

Open-field systems: communal farming rather than individual and ensured long-term viability of villages

• Villages implemented agricultural decisions in a cooperative manner

• Individuals had strips of land and rights concerning the land

Putting-out system

• Entrepreneurs purchased raw materials

• People worked in their homes

• Only required a small amount of capital

• Low quality of goods

• Workforce was unreliable

The Cottage industry dominated production in Europe by 1750s

Agricultural Revolution

• Technique that was combined with investment of capital and commercial attitudes

• Enclosed lands in the hands of individuals

Open-field systems discouraged private investment, stopped innovation, and stopped agriculture from being responsive to things such as market conditions

Fodder crops were crops that were primarily used to restore nutrients in the soil

Four crop rotation was a replacement for the three field system due to fodder crops

Meadow flooding was the flooding of pastures to get an early spring grass for livestock

• More livestock meant more fertilize (manure)

Industrial Revolution (1790-1870)

• First steam engine was invented

• Spinning Jenny was invented

• Britain became textile producer of the world

• Samuel Slater leaves for America bringing forth the American Industrial Revolution

Britain was the first to go through the Industrial Revolution

• Access to water was a huge advantage (waterways, canals, etc.)

• Economic infrastructure through cultivation of foreign markets

• Minerals and metals such as coal and iron

• “Cotton is King”

• Factories

• Railroads

Innovation was constant during the Industrial Revolution

Reforms

• The Factory Act of 1833

• The Mines Act of 1842

• The Ten Hours Act of 1847

• The Public Health Act of 1848

• Vaccination Act of 1853

• Contagious Diseases Act of 1864

There was a rise in urban populations and higher birth rates due to lower marriage ages

Industrialization in France was slowed down due to the slow population growth and the French Revolution

• French industrialization was driven by railways

Germany struggled to industrialize due to political division

Dual System: places where the traditional economy and industrialization existed at the same time

• Kept industrialization from reaching large economies and farmers from developing enough wealth to have access to industrial goods