Untitled Flashcards Set

Prehistoric and Primitive Medicine

● Shamans: Early healers who used magic, spells, and symbolic items to treat illnesses.

● Trephination: Early brain surgery involving boring holes into the skull with stone tools.

● Symbolic Medicine: Use of symbolic items like drinking blood or consuming organ-shaped plants, which sometimes led to accidental discovery of effective medicines (e.g., digitalis, morphine).

Egyptian Medicine

● Imhotep: A renowned physician who lived around 2800 BC.

● Medical Texts: Papyrus scrolls recorded medical knowledge, blending healing with religion.

● Surgical Techniques: Egyptians used techniques like direct compression to stop bleeding and practiced minor surgeries like bloodletting.

Classical Medicine (Greece and Rome)

● Hippocrates: Father of Medicine (460 BC), promoted the theory of four humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.

● Galen: Roman physician known for trauma care while serving gladiators; influenced Roman medical practice.

● Surgery in Rome: Advanced surgical tools for suturing and removing bladder stones and cataracts.

Arabic Medicine

● Golden Age of Islam: After the fall of Rome, Arabic medicine thrived, translating Greek medical texts and improving pharmaceutical practices.

● They built hospitals that trained medical personnel.

Medieval Medicine

● Supernatural Beliefs: Diseases were often attributed to divine intervention, and cures were sought through prayer.

● Separation of Physicians and Surgeons: Physicians treated internal problems, while surgeons handled external issues like wounds and fractures.

Renaissance Medicine

● Scientific Approach: Scholars began studying human anatomy scientifically.

● Amboise Paré: Revolutionized surgery by using ligatures to stop bleeding instead of cauterization.

17th and 18th Century Medicine

● William Harvey: Discovered blood circulation.

● Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: Discovered red blood cells and bacteria with a microscope.

● Edward Jenner: Developed vaccination using cowpox to prevent smallpox.

● Vitamins: Discovered as crucial to health during this period.

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19th Century Medicine

● Louis Pasteur: Pioneered microbiology and vaccines (e.g., rabies).

● Robert Koch: Discovered bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera.

● Joseph Lister: Introduced sterilization in surgery.

● William Morton: Developed early anesthesia techniques.(Morphine)

20th Century Medicine

● Antibiotics: Discovered by Paul Ehrlich (syphilis treatment) and advanced by Alexander Fleming (penicillin).

● Mental Health Care: Progressed from hostile care to treatment-based approaches.

● Marie Curie: Pioneered radiography and radiotherapy, key in cancer treatment.

21st Century Medicine

● Technological Growth: Advances in genetics, biotechnology, and robotic surgery have revolutionized treatment.

● Electrophysiology: The heart's electrical conduction system has been mapped, aiding in cardiac care.

Radiology: Historical Perspectives

● Archimedes: Early experimentation with the chemical and physical properties of matter.

● Democritus: Described materials as being composed of atoms (ultimate particles).

● Thales: Discovered some effects of electricity.

● Pierre Curie: Noticed that radium could kill disease cells, suggesting the medical utility of radioactivity.

● Marie Curie: Refined knowledge of radioactivity, purified radium metals, and received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. She trained as an X-ray technician.

● Henri Becquerel: Discovered that uranium salts emitted rays with penetrating power, similar to X-rays.

Foundations of X-Ray Discovery

● Electricity, Vacuums, and Image-Recording Materials: Key advancements that paved the way for X-rays.

● Evangelista Torricelli: Produced the first-recognized vacuum.

● Otto Van Guericke: invented an air pump that was capable of removing air from vessel or tube

● William Gilbert: Early studies on electricity and magnetism.

● Robert Boyle: experiments with electricity earned him a place among serious investigators

● Isaac Newton: build and improve static generator (discovers Gravity)

● Charles Dufay: he was working with glass silk and paper, distinguish two kinds of electricity

● William Watson: demonstrated a current of electricity by transmitting electricity from a Lynden Jar through wires and vacuum tubes.

● Michael Faraday: induced an electric current by moving a magnet in and out of a coil

● Benjamin Franklin: he conducted many electrical experiments. He also discovered the electrical nature of lightning

● Johann Wilhelm Hittorf: conducted several experiments with cathode rays, streams of electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode

● William Crookes: Furthered the study of cathode rays and demonstrated their energy with a rotating wheel in a tube.

● Philipp Lenard: Researched cathode rays and measured their energy by penetration.

● William Goodspeed: Produced a radiograph in 1890, later recognized after the discovery of X-rays.

● Johann Heinrich Schulze: produced the first photogenic copy of written material. The image recording materials or the photographic recording techniques, were very important to the investigators of cathode rays.

● R.L. Maddox: produced a film with a gelatine silver bromide emulsion that has remained the basic component of film.

● George Eastman: he produced and patented roll-paper film

● Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen: Born on March 27, 1845 in Lennep, Germany. Married to Anna Bertha Ludwig in 1872. Father of X Ray

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen:

● Discovery of X-rays on November 8, 1895: While experimenting with a Crookes tube, Roentgen noticed a fluorescent glow on a nearby screen. He realized the glow was caused by a new type of ray, later called X-rays.

● Roentgen’s Experiments: He observed that the rays could pass through certain materials and produce an image on photographic plates, revolutionizing diagnostic medicine.

Hospital Organization

● Organization- structured entity composed of people, materials, procedures, ideas of facts arranged and ordered that the combination of parts makes a meaningful whole that works towards achieving organizational objectives.

● Mission Statement- defines the hospital’s business, its objectives and its approach to reach those objectives. It includes values, principles, and strategies that guide the hospital operation.

- It serves as a guide for the hospital. To ensure that their decisions and actions are consistent to the values of the hospital.

● Vision Statement- describes the future position of the hospital. It highlights the long term goals of the hospital in the future. Organizational goals of the hospital. Provides the direction, purpose and motivation of the hospital.

● Hospital Philosophy- study of ethics, processes, and people which constitute the maintenance of health for human beings. Foundational beliefs of the healthcare organization

Composition of the Hospital Organizations

● Board of Trustees- governing body that oversees and guides the operations of the hospital. Act as the stewards of the hospital ensuring that there is effective management, financial stability, and alignment to the community needs within the hospital setting.

● Executive Administration- (CEO/Chief Executive Officer) plays a central role in translating the strategic goals and decisions of a hospital's governing board into actionable plans and outcomes. Highest ranking executive, responsible for providing leadership, direction and coordination to all hospital activities. Most important role in decision making across various aspects in the hospital.

● Medical Staff- forms an integral and essential part of the hospital's clinical operation. Responsible for care, diagnosing, and designing effective treatment plans for the patient.

● Nursing Services- they provide direct patient care and they are responsible for carrying out the treatment plan developed by the physician.

● Allied Health Services- departments that perform support functions that help with diagnosis and treatment of the patient.

● Administrative Support Services-  Non-medical administrative services are necessary to the hospital's business and physical plant management.

Radiologic or Medical Imaging Department

● plays an important role in care of the patient. Provides high quality diagnosis and treatment of diseases

● Administrative Director of Radiology- reports to senior hospital administration and has direct responsibility and authority for operation and organization of the department.

● Radiologist-  interpret x-ray imaging film that may be needed to answer a doctor’s question about a symptom, disease, injury or treatment.

● Radiographers- they are responsible for producing high quality medical images that assist medical specialists and doctors. They operate extremely technologically advanced equipment like CT scan.

● Ultrasound- uses soundwaves to visualize the soft tissues in the body

● Echocardiography- application of soundwaves to visualize the structure and function of the heart.

● Trauma Radiography- challenging examination on injured individuals

● Mobile Radiography- for patients too sick to travel to x ray department

● Computed Tomography(CT SCAN)- used high energy x rays to produce three dimensional image of the body structures

● Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)- three dimensional imaging test powered by large magnet

● Fluoroscopy- x ray examination which shows real time imaging of the body structure

● Angiography- imaging of the blood vessels and the heart

● Operating Theatre- Assisting surgeons during operations with x ray equipment

Management Levels

● Top Managers- Responsible for making decisions about the direction of the organization and establishing policies.

● Middle Manager- manage activities of other managers and non managerial employees. Translating the goals set by top managers to specific detail so that the lower managers can understand

● First Line Managers- responsible for directing the day to day activities of non- managerial employees

● Nonmanagerial Employees- people who work directly on a job. Have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others.

Management Functions

● Planning- process of setting goals,   defining strategies, and outlining the steps required to acquire those goals.

● Organizing- it involves structuring and arranging resources such as personnel and activities.

● Leading- guiding and motivating employees in accomplishing tasks and achieving organizational goals.

● Controlling- involves monitoring, measuring and evaluating performance to ensure that activities are on track and aligned in organizational goals

What is Management?

The process of getting things done effectively and efficiently, with and through people.

Efficiency- doing things right and getting the most output from least amount of input

Effectiveness- doing those work or tasks that help the organization in reaching their goals

Philippine Radiology Historical Perspectives

Pioneers in Philippine Radiology (1948):

The Magnificent Seven:

● Dr. Paterno Chikiamco (President)

● Dr. Ramon Paterno (Secretary)

● Dr. Paulino Garcia, (Member

● Dr. Daniel Ledesma, Sr.(Member)

● Dr. Carlos Marquez(Member

● Dr. Carlos Vergel De Dios(Member)

● Dr. Hilario Zialcita (Member)

Dr. Paterno Chikiamco:

● First President of the Philippine College of Radiology

● Dean of Philippine Radiology, trained in Vienna and Germany

● Chairman of the Cancer Institute at PGH

Formation of Schools and Associations:

● 1948: The Magnificent Seven formed the Philippine Radiological Society (renamed to Philippine College of Radiology in August 21, 1970).

● Notable Radiologists: Dr. Restituto Yuzon, Dr. Azcona, Dr. Macaria Roque (first Filipina radiologist)

Felipe Somera:

● First Filipino X-ray technologist (1940s), assigned to PGH

● Retired in the 1960s

Radiologic Technology Education:

1969: WORLD CONGRESS OF ISRRT IN TOKYO

First formal curriculum for X-ray Technology developed by Norberto Palomo, Serafin P. Ocampo, Benjamin Hernandez, and Jayne Villarino. Extracted from the curricula of Australia, England, Singapore and Japan

Dr. Jose T. Gaffud

● Senior resident in UP-PGH Medical Center, the petition to open the first formal education for 2 year curriculum in X-ray tech was granted by Department of Education

September 9, 1969: First school opened at Family Clinic and Hospital.

November 30, 1969: First class of 13 students.

Pioneer Educators:

● Norberto Palomo (Principal)

● Dr. Jose Gaffud( Radiologist/ Professor)

● Engr. Luciano Niguildia (Physicist/ Professor)

● Oscar C. Romero (Legal Officer)

● Serafin P. Ocampo(Radiologic Technologist/Instructor)

● Elsa Aguila( Nurse/ Instructor)

● Dr. Roberto Reodica(Radiologist/Professor)

● 1974: DECS and Civil Service Commission began licensure exams for X-ray technologists.

Regulation of Radiation-Emitting Devices:

● Early 1970s: Clemente S. Gatmaitan (DOH Secretary) recommended the creation of a regulatory agency.

● Presidential Decree 480 (June 6, 1974): Established the Bureau of Health Devices and Technology (now Center for Device Regulation Radiation Health and Research).

● Dr. Celia Anatalio- first director

Formation of X-ray and Radiologic Technology Groups:

Philippine Society of X-ray Technicians (PSXRT):

● Founded in 1954 by Sgt. Gilberto V. Palomique.

Inactive from 1958-1963.

Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic Technologists (PHISMERT) (1964): (Founded by Gillberto V. Palomique)

● Merged with other groups in 1973-1974 to form the Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists, Inc. (PART).

Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists (PART):

Presidents from 1974-Present:

● 1974-1975 - Jose L. Cervantes as President

● 1975-1976 - Santos Ragasa, Jr.

● 1976-1977 – Alfronso L. Abrigo

● 1977-1878 – Benito Ringnor

● 1978-1980 – Gabriel V. Mendoza

● 1980-1981 – Bernardo F. Ramos

● 1981-1982 – Felix P. Castillo

● 1982-1983 – Norberto P. Daan

● 1983-1985 – Jose L. Cervantes

● July 1, 1986 –December 31, 1988 – Santos Ragasa Jr.

● January 1, 1989-2000 – Jacinto C. Lappay

●  2001 –present – ROLANDO BANARES

PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF GOVERNMENT RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST, INC. S (PGSRT, INC. )/ SOCIETY OF PRIVATELY-EMPLOYED TECHNOLOGISTS

● October 1991  

● Dolores Pambid – UP PGH

●  Gregorio Gallardo – UP Health Service

● Venancio Villanueva – Lung Center of the Philippines  

● Discussed numerous problems faced by rad tech particularly on the Salary Standardization Law (SSL)

PHILIPPINE FEDERATION OF PROFESSIONAL RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST, INC.

● Conceptualized in early 1994 when PGSRT and PART are discussing plans for merging and this was initiated by Dr. Jaime Tomas Jr.

Regulations:

● The Rules and Regulations governing the examination, registration, licensure, and. practice of radiologic and x-ray technology was promulgated on September 20, 1993.

● The Board conducted its first fully computerized licensure examinations on December 27, 1993, the results of which were released on April 9, 1994

Credentialing: The process used to establish the qualifications of professionals, organizational members, or organizations and to assess their background and legitimacy to meet predetermined and standardized criteria. Individuals, organizations, processes, services, or products may be credentialed

Licensure: A government agency grants permission to practice radiologic technology after verifying qualifications (education, experience, exam).

Certification: Non-governmental recognition of an individual's qualifications based on standardized criteria.

Key Legislation:

● R.A. 7431 (April 22, 1992): The Radiologic Technology Act of 1992 was signed into law by President Corazon C. Aquino, establishing guidelines for the practice and the formation of the regulatory board.