Politics of the Criminal Justice Chapter 5

Patrol Officers: Police officers who monitor specific areas to prevent and respond to crime. 

Search and Seizure: The practice of searching a person or property and confiscating evidence related to a crime. 

Criminology Research: The study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system to develop effective policies and practices.  

Modern Policing: The system of law enforcement established by Robert Peel in 1829, focusing on crime prevention through a continuous police presence. 

Police Presence: The visibility and availability of police officers in a community to deter crime. 

Routine Police Patrol: The regular and continuous monitoring of specific areas by police officers to prevent and respond to crime.  

Deterrence: The act of preventing criminal behavior by making potential offenders aware of the risks and consequences of committing a crime. 

Police-Population Ratio: The number of sworn police officers per 1,000 people in a given area. 

Sworn-Officers: Police officers who have taken an oath to uphold the law and have full arrest powers. 

Personnel Practices: The methods and strategies used by a police department to manage and deploy its officers. 

Two-Officer Patrols: Patrol units that consist of two officers, which are less efficient than one-officer units. 

Rational Workload Formula: A method for assigning patrol officers based on the expected workload and crime patterns in different shifts or areas. 

Active Police Work: Engaging in proactive activities such as initiating contacts with citizens and patrolling high-crime areas. 

High-Crime Areas: Locations with a higher incidence of criminal activity. 

Correlations: Statistical relationships between two variables  

Causations: The action of causing something; a direct relationship where one event leads to another. 

Visible Police Presence: The noticeable and continuous presence of police officers in a community. 

Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment: A landmark study conducted in 1972-1973 to test the deterrent effect of varying police patrol levels. 

Proactive Beats: Areas that received increased levels of patrol. 

Reactive Beats: Areas that received no routine police patrol, with police only responding to citizen calls for service. 

Control Beats: Areas that maintained normal levels of police patrol. 

Residual Deterrence: The concept that the belief in police presence deters crime even if police are not actually present. 

Dosage: The amount of level of police patrol in a given area. 

Clearance Rate: The percentage of reported crimes that are solved by the police. 

Impulsive Crimes: Crimes committed without premeditation or rational calculation. 

Suppressible Crimes: Crimes that can be prevented or reduced through police patrol, such as robbery, burglary, and auto theft. 

Surveillance Cameras: Cameras used to monitor and record activities in public or private spaces for security purposes. 

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV): A system of video cameras used for surveillance in specific locations. 

Cost-Effectiveness: The measure of how effectively resources are used to achieve a desired outcome, considering the costs involved.  

Police Crackdowns: Brief, intensive enforcement efforts aimed at reducing crime. 

Problem-Oriented Policing: A strategy that involves identifying specific problems that contribute to crime and developing tailored responses to address them.  

Operation Pressure Point (OPP): A well-known anti-drug crackdown in New York City in the early 1980s. 

Desk Appearance Ticket (DAT): A policy allowing persons charged with misdemeanors to be released immediately. 

Displacement of Crime: The movement of criminal activity from one area to another due to law enforcement efforts. 

Replacement Effect: The phenomenon where arrested individuals are replaced by others who see an opportunity to make money. 

Stop-and-Frisk: A police practice involving the temporary detention and pat-down of individuals based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. 

Reasonable Suspicion: A lower evidentiary standard than probable cause, allowing police to temporarily detain individuals suspected of criminal activity. 

Terry v. Ohio: A 1968 U.S. Supreme Court decision that defined the law of stops and frisks. 

Field Interrogations: Traditional term for stops and questioning by police officers. 

Legitimacy: The perception that the police and other criminal justice agencies are fair, just, and deserving of public trust and cooperation. 

Smart Policing: Innovative, data-driven policing strategies that build on criminological research to effectively reduce crime. 

Smart Policing Initiative: A program funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance to support innovative policing projects in local law enforcement agencies. 

SARA Model: A model used in POP that includes Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment. 

Specialized Multi-Agency Response Team (SMART): A program in Oakland, California, targeting drug hot spots through partnerships with various agencies. 

Noncriminal Justice Approaches: Strategies that involve partnerships with non-law enforcement agencies and resources to address crime and disorders.

COMPSTAT: A computerized database that provides timely data on crime and disorder, enabling quick police responses. 

Zero-Tolerance Policing: A strategy that involves strict enforcement of minor offenses to prevent more serious crimes. 

Hot Spots Policing: A strategy that focuses on areas with high levels of criminal activity. 

Crime Mapping Technology: Tools used to identify and analyze patterns of crime in specific areas. 

Broken Windows Policing: A strategy that focuses on addressing minor nuisances and disorderly conduct to prevent more serious crimes. 

Focused Deterrence: A strategy that targets specific types of crime or offenders with a combination of law enforcement, community mobilization, and social services to deter criminal behavior. 

Evidence-Based Crime Policy: Policies and practices in crime prevention and law enforcement that are based on scientific evidence and research findings. 

Meta-Analysis: A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple studies to identify overall trends and effectiveness. 

Boston Gun Project: A program initiated in the early 1990s to reduce gun violence in Boston, particularly among young African American males. 

Operation Ceasefire: A multiphased strategy developed to address gun violence, focusing on gang leaders. 

Pulling Levers: A strategy that involves using all potential violations, from serious to minor, to target gang leaders. 

Probation and Parole Conditions: Legal conditions that individuals must comply with while on probation or parole, which can be enforced as part of the pulling levers strategy. 

Forums/Call-In Meetings: Meetings with gang members to deliver a strong deterrent message and inform them of the potential consequences of gun violence. 

Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV): A program replicating the Boston Gun Project, focused on reducing gun violence through enforcement, social services, and community outreach. 

Gang Member-Involved (GMI) Homicides: Homicides involving gang members. 

Community Norms: Shared values and behaviors within a community, targeted for change through outreach programs. 

Institutionalizing Reforms: The process of embedding new practices and policies within an organization to ensure their sustainability. 

Predictive Policing: The use of data analysis to anticipate and prevent future crimes. 

Data-Driven Policing: Policing strategies that rely on data analysis to inform decisions and actions. 

Domestic Use: The application of drones within a country’s borders for public safety and law enforcement. 

Part I Index Crimes: Major crimes tracked by law enforcement, including homicide, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, etc. 

Acquaintance Crimes: Crimes where the victim knows the offender, such as assaults and rapes. 

Specific Suspect: An individual who is identified as a likely perpetrator based on evidence or witness information. 

Characteristics of the Crime: Factors such as the type of crime, location, and whether there are witnesses or evidence. 

Cold Crime: A crime for which there are no immediate leads or suspects. 

Rand Study: A study of the criminal investigation that found the typical case gets about four hours of work. 

Scientific Crime Detection: Methods and techniques used to solve crimes based on scientific principles. 

ACE-V (Analyze, Compare, Evaluate, Verify): The process used in fingerprint identification. 

Procedural Rules: Legal guidelines that police must follow during investigations. 

Mapp v. Ohio (1961): A Supreme Court decision that established the exclusionary rule, preventing illegally obtained evidence from being used in court. 

Miranda v. Arizona (1966): A Supreme Court decision that requires police to inform suspects of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. 

Exclusionary Rule: A legal principle that prevents evidence obtained through unconstitutional searches and seizures from being used in court. 

Fourth Amendment: The part of the U.S. Constitution that protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. 

Due Process Clause: A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees fair legal procedures. 

Motion to Suppress: A legal request to exclude certain evidence from being presented in court. 

Fifth Amendment: The part of the U.S. Constitution that protects individuals from self-incrimination.