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making and purifying organic substances

  • organic substances

    • organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds that are formed using covalent bonds

    • carbon is unusual in that it can form bonds with other carbon atoms

    • it can form up to four bonds with other atoms

    • there are different groups of organic substances with different physical and chemical properties which are dependant on specific groups of atoms called functional groups

  • general rules for naming organic compounds

    • count the longest carbon chain,this forms part of the name

    • 1 carbon = meth-

    • 2carbons - eth-

    • 3 carbons - prop-

    • 4 carbons - but-

    • 5 carbons - pent-

    • 6 carbons - hex-

  • branches

    • if there is a carbon/hydrogen branch the main chain,this goes at the front of the name as below.

    • branches need to be numbered to show which carbon atom they are attached to on the chain (lowest number possible)

    • ch3 - methyl

    • ch2ch3 - ethyl

    • ch2ch2ch3 - propyl

  • alkanes

    • these are hydrocarbons which contain single bond only

    • the end of the name is ane eg methane,ethane etc

  • alkenes

    • these are hydrocarbons with a double c=c bond

    • the end of the name is -ene

    • if there are 4 or more carbons in the chain,the name needs to include a number of signify the position of the double bond eg but-1-ene

  • haloalkanes

    • these are alkanes which one or more halogen atoms in group 7 replacing hydrocarbons

    • name the alkane as normal and the halogen goes at the beginning of the name numbered according to position on the chain

    • floro-

    • chloro-

    • bromo-

    • iodo-

MT

making and purifying organic substances

  • organic substances

    • organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds that are formed using covalent bonds

    • carbon is unusual in that it can form bonds with other carbon atoms

    • it can form up to four bonds with other atoms

    • there are different groups of organic substances with different physical and chemical properties which are dependant on specific groups of atoms called functional groups

  • general rules for naming organic compounds

    • count the longest carbon chain,this forms part of the name

    • 1 carbon = meth-

    • 2carbons - eth-

    • 3 carbons - prop-

    • 4 carbons - but-

    • 5 carbons - pent-

    • 6 carbons - hex-

  • branches

    • if there is a carbon/hydrogen branch the main chain,this goes at the front of the name as below.

    • branches need to be numbered to show which carbon atom they are attached to on the chain (lowest number possible)

    • ch3 - methyl

    • ch2ch3 - ethyl

    • ch2ch2ch3 - propyl

  • alkanes

    • these are hydrocarbons which contain single bond only

    • the end of the name is ane eg methane,ethane etc

  • alkenes

    • these are hydrocarbons with a double c=c bond

    • the end of the name is -ene

    • if there are 4 or more carbons in the chain,the name needs to include a number of signify the position of the double bond eg but-1-ene

  • haloalkanes

    • these are alkanes which one or more halogen atoms in group 7 replacing hydrocarbons

    • name the alkane as normal and the halogen goes at the beginning of the name numbered according to position on the chain

    • floro-

    • chloro-

    • bromo-

    • iodo-