9. This antibody makes up 75% of all antibodies in the blood and is those that cross the placental barrier during pregnancy to impart natural passive immunity to the baby.

10. This antibody can produce major harmful effects associated with allergies.

11. This antibody immature B cells produce and insert onto their plasma membrane. It is the predominant class of antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen.

12. This antibody is present in the mucous membranes of the body, in saliva and tears.

13. The second stage of development of a naïve B cell must be initiated by what?

A) Production and insertion of antibodies on the plasma membrane

B) The binding between an inactive (naive) B cell and its specific antigen

C) Production of memory B cells

D) All of the above

14. What is on the surface of an antigen molecule and is the part of the antigen that the lymphocyte recognizes as being foreign?

A) antigen-antibody complex

B) Complement

C) Epitope

D) Antibody

15. What type of immunity occurs when a person’s own immune system responds to a harmful agent through exposure to an infection?

A) Passive Natural

B) Active Natural

C) Passive Artificial

D) Active Artificial

16. What type of cells are involved in innate immunity?

A) T cells

B) B cells

C) Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells

D) A & B only

17. What is the second line of defense?

A) Skin

B) Mucous membranes

C) Sebum, mucus, and enzymes

D) The inflammatory response

18. What is the name given to the 20 inactive enzymes that lyse the foreign cells that triggered their activation?

A) Interferon

B) Complement

C) Plasma cells

D) Effector cells

19. Which of the following is not one of the possible effects of the formation of an antibody-antigen complex?

A) Contact killing of the target cell

B) Agglutination of the antigens for mass phagocytosis

C) Transformation of the antigens into harmless substances

D) Exposure of the antibodies complement binding sites

20. What term refers to the resistance provided by genetic characteristics against certain pathogens?

A) Passive natural immunity

B) Active natural immunity

C) Artificial immunity

D) Species resistance

21. What inflammatory mediator increases capillary permeability and dilation and also attracts WBCs to the injury site?

A) Histamines

B) kinins

C) Prostaglandins

D) Cytokines

22. What term refers to the movement of phagocytes through the blood vessels and into the inflamed tissues?

A) Diapedesis

B) Chemotaxis

C) Phagocytosis

D) Migration

23. What type of immunity is a normal, sometimes undesirable, reaction of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species?

A) Autoimmunity

B) Isoimmunity

C) Allergy

D) A & B

24. Which of the following is not one of the main functions of the spleen?

A) Blood reservoir

B) Thymosin production

C) Defense

D) Hematopoiesis

E) RBC and platelet destruction

25. How does lymph and interstitial fluid differ from plasma?

A) Plasma has more lymphocytes

B) Lymph and interstitial fluid have more lymphocytes

C) Plasma has more proteins

D) Lymph and interstitial fluid have more proteins

26. Which of the following does not contribute to the flow of lymph?

A) Massage of soft tissues

B) Postural changes

C) Skeletal muscle contractions

D) Increased consumption of water

E) The process of inspiration

27. The defense functions of the lymph nodes include ______.

A) Filtration

B) RBC destruction

C) Phagocytosis

D) All of the above

E) A & C only

28. Which of the following is not one of the tonsils?

A) lacteal

B) palatine

C) lingual

D) pharyngeal

29. An infection of a lymph node is termed:

A) lymphedema

B) lymphangitis

C) adenitis

D) tonsillitis

30. What are the two most important functions of the lymphatic system?

A) defense and hematopoiesis

B) blood reservoir and phagocytosis

C) fluid balance and immunity

D) filtration and platelet destruction

31. The cortical and medullary sinuses of the lymph nodes are lined with _____ which are capable of ______.

A) eosinophils, filtration

B) macrophages, phagocytosis

C) lymphocytes, antibody rejection

D) All of the above

E) A & B only

32. There are two sets of lymphatics which drain the breast. One drains the _____ and the other drains the _____ of the breast.

A) skin, substance

B) substance, nipple and areola

C) skin, sternum

D) axillary region, skin

33. What are the two types of immune mechanisms?

A) Innate and non-specific

B) Innate & adaptive

C) Adaptive & specific

D) Active and passive

E) Natural and artificial

34. Which component(s) of the lymphatic system perform the 2 functions of defense & hematopoiesis (only)?

A) Spleen

B) Lymph nodes

C) Thymus

D) Bursa of Fabricius

35. What protein restricts the ability of viruses to cause disease by preventing viruses from multiplying in cells?

A) Complement

B) Immunizations

C) Immunoglobulins

D) Interferon

36. What is a term for a family of cells, all of which have descended from one cell?

A) Antibody

B) Antigen

C) Clone

D) Complement

37. What are macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses? They also identify the cell as “self” or “non-self?”

A) Antibody

B) Antigen

C) Clone

D) Complement

38. An effector cell is:

A) A cell that functions in innate immunity

B) An inactive B or T cell

C) a B or T cell that has been activated but is not mounting an immune response

D) a B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response

True or False

39. The immune system protects against external and internal threats to life. T

40. Antigens are proteins of the family called immunoglobulins. F

41. T cells seek out, recognize, and bind to specific antigens located on the surface of cells, thus killing the cells. T

42. Allergic responses involve antigen-antibody reactions, mainly IgE. T

43. Isoimmunity is an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens. F

44. Innate immunity provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as not self and involves B and T lymphocytes. F

45. An initial encounter with a specific antigen produces a primary response of increased antibody production within a few days. T

46. Which of the following cause fever and enhance pain?

A) histamines

B) kinins

C) prostaglandins

D) phagocytes

47. What is the term for the attraction of additional WBCs to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators?

A) phagocytosis

B) autoimmunity

C) diapedesis

D) chemotaxis

48. What term refers to an inactive B or T cell?

A) effector

B) naïve

C) memory cell

D) plasma cell

49. How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A) They are the same

B) Blood capillaries have a larger diameter

C) Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended

D) Lymphatic capillaries are more artistically placed throughout the body

50. Which white blood cell type results in the most diverse descendants?

A) Neutrophil

B) Lymphocyte

C) Eosinophil

D) Monocyte

E) Basophil

51. Bacteria, viruses, and other organisms that cause infectious diseases are called ____________.

A) Vectors

B) Pathogens

C) Pandemics

D) Antibiotics

E) Shellfish

52. An epidemic that spreads across a large country, continent, or the entire globe is described as a ____________________.

A) Vector

B) Pandemic

C) Reservoir

D) Endemic

53. Why is rheumatoid arthritis an autoimmune disease? A) The immune system has learned to tolerate cells in joints. B) The immune system cures the arthritis over time C) Cells in joints are attacked by antibodies D) No antibodies are produced in order to protect the joints 54. Which of these statements are true regarding coronary artery disease? A) Genetics is not a possible cause. B) Diet is a possible cause. C) All of the genetic factors have been identified. D) This disease involves a blockage in veins. 55. A ______________________ results from an error in a biochemical pathway. A) Degenerative disease B) Metabolic disease C) Cancer D) Allergy 56. What is this structure?

A) A hat

B) A brooch

C) A T-helper cell

D) An antibody

E) An amino acid

57. What fluid fills the spaces in between the cells?

A) Intracellular fluid

B) Interstitial fluid

C) Blood

D) Plasma

E) Lymph

58. Which description best sums up a lymph node?

A) Any organ that is being attacked by pathogens

B) Capsules in lymphatic vessels that are filled with B & T cells

C) “dead ends” where lymphatic vessels come to an end

D) A type of pathogen that attacks the immune system

E) Any generally localized “gland”

59. What organ is labeled with the letter “A?”

Top of Form

A) Liver

B) Stomach

C) Spleen

D) Heart

E) Cisterna chili

60. Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the:

A) blood and the lymph

B) bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

C) spleen and liver

D) lymph in the lymphatic tissues

61. The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the:

A) adult spleen

B) lymphatic nodules

C) thymus gland

D) tonsils

62. What is the difference between the shaded and unshaded areas?

A) The unshaded area does not have lymph nodes

B) The different shaded regions feature different types of lymph nodes

C) The different shades show where lymph is drained & returned to circulation

D) The different shades show where 2 different types of lymph are found

63. Which organ receives immature T cells, then raises them to maturity- then releases them?

A) Spleen

B) Bursa of Fabricius

C) Thymus

D) Lacteal

64. What is found in the spleen, red bone marrow and lymph nodes that fight microbes?

A) Blood

B) Antibodies

C) Natural killer cells

D) Inflammation

65. What makes the lymph fluid move through the body?

A) Gravity and skeletal muscle contractions

B) muscle contractions and gravity

C) pressure changes caused by breathing and gravity

D) The beating of the heart and gravity

E) Muscle contractions and pressure changes caused by breathing

66. What happens in the lymph nodes as lymph flows through them?

A) reticular fibers filter out debris

B) foreign substances are destroyed

C) plasma and mature T cells are added

D) white blood cells are made

E) A, B and C are correct

67. One of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is:

A) increased release of T and B cells

B) depression of the inflammatory response

C) inhibition of interleukin secretion

D) decreased activity of cytotoxic T cells

68. To which of the following would the immune system not respond?

A) decreased levels of blood flow at the kidney

B) physical injury (penetration of a foreign object) to the skin

C) influenza virus

D) Wucheria bancrofti

E) cancerous cell in the lung

69. The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that cannot distinguish one potential threat from another are called:

A) abnormal nontoxicity

B) the immune response

C) specific defenses

D) nonspecific defenses

70. The major components of the lymphatic system include:

A) spleen, thymus, and tonsils

B) thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, and lymph nodes

C) lymph nodes, lymph, and lymphocytes

D) lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs

71. An example of a free macrophage is a (n):

A) microglial cell

B) Kupffer cell

C) alveolar macrophage

D) all of the above

72. Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are:

A) helper T and suppressor T cells

B) B cells

C) plasma cells

D) NK and B cells

73. Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of nonspecific defense?

A) phagocytes

B) physical barriers

C) interferons

D) complement

E) pyrogens

74. The "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is:

A) interferon

B) pathogens

C) complement system

D) phagocytes

75. A specific defense mechanism is always activated by:

A) an antibody

B) inflammation

C) fever

D) an antigen

76. Obstruction of the flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels can lead to an accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues. This condition is characterized by pain and swelling, and is called _________.

77. The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth.

A) true B) false

78. One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to transport fat.

A) true B) false

79. Which is not correct regarding the white pulp of the spleen?

A) Its cells include T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.

B) Its cells are arranged in clusters that are circular in shape.

C) It contains a central artery.

D) It serves as a blood reservoir.

80. One of the functions of the spleen is phagocytosis of bacteria in the blood.

A) true B) false

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