APUSH VIET + Civil War Rev Notes

Vietnam and Civil Rights Assessment

OVERVIEW of CONCEPTS

The concept of containment

• The U.S. wanted to contain the spread of Communism in Europe

• The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution granted the president expanded military powers in Vietnam, leading to the War Powers Act of 1973 (required presidential reporting to congress within 48 hours and congressional approval for military actions over 60 days)

Powers granted to executive branch

• Tonkin Gulf Resolution

• War Powers Act → Direct result of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution(President gained unilateral control of fighting the war against communism)

• November 1973

• Passed by Congress after struggle over Nixon’s veto

• This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within forty-eight hours after taking military action

• Provided that Congress would have to approve any military action that would last for more than sixty days

Impact and rationale for sit-ins

• Non-violent protests

• Gained attention

• Helped desegregate restaurants

• Sparked more activism

Cases involving the rights of the accused

**Miranda vs Arizona- you must be informed of your rights

Gideon v. Wainwright- the right to an attorney/remain silent during police questioning

Immigration Act of 1965

• 1960s→ helped more immigrants come into the country (abolished national origin quotas in favor of immigrants from Western Europe

• Introduced a cap on immigration from the Wester Hemisphere

• Led to an increase in immigration from Latin America, Asia, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia 

• Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson

Gay Rights Revolution

• Stonewall Riots (June 28, 1969, police raided a gay bar in Greenwich, where bar patrons and others fought back, throwing bottles at the police) (riots lasted 6 days and created an increase in gay activist groups)

• They raided gay bars and arrested people 

• Riots were sparked by a gay Bar 

AIM tactics

• American Indian

• The movement found during  1968 

• The population of American Indians was increasing, but still a small % 

• The organization took over many locations and places in which American Indians had once been oppressed

• Protests: Trail of Broken Treaties in 1972, Wounded Knee in 1973, and the Longest Walk in 1978

• Other tactics: Released the Twenty Points, a list of demands that included re-recognizing Native tribes and protecting Indigenous religions and cultures, opened the Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1971, and formed a nationwide Guardians of the Oglala Nation to protect Indian rights

NOW platform

• National Organization for Women 

• Betty Friedan → Feminine Mystique (writer & activist)(first president of the late civil rights  NOW Movement)

War Powers Act reasoning

• Direct result of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution 

• 1. President gained unilateral control of fighting the war against communism → Congress waits 60 days till they say something 

2. Patriot Act →  BUSH (passed to increase the ability to detect/stop terrorists attacks)

3. Fall of Saigon (the capture of the capital of South Vietnam, by the North Viet Army on April 30, 1975)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Power given to the president (authorized the president to take any measure he believed was necessary to retaliate/promote peace in Southeast Asia)

• led to military involvement in Vietnam

• After North Vietnam blew up one of our ships, we were allowed to fight and defeat Vietnam 

• The US feared communism would spread from North Vietnam to South Vietnam and the rest of Asia

SCLC tactics

• Disseminated information through the Churches

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• Led by MLK

• Tactics: non-violent (i.e, peaceful protests such as sit-ins→inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent protest)

• SCLC had rallies/marches to desegregate public places, and taught adults to read so they could pass voter registration tests

• Filed class action suits against the government that maintained segregated lunchrooms

• Black Ministers

SNCC tactics

• Younger aggressive people → Middle of 1960s Black Power

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• Started nonviolent, later became more focused on black power

Brown v Board of Education

• Overturned plessy v. ferguson

• ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional

• The case was a group of five lawsuits from Kansas, SC, Delaware, and DC

• NAACP brought the lawsuits on behalf of children who were denied admission to schools closer to their homes based on race

• Reason: you can’t segregate people based on race (violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment)

• Liberal

What did Black Power symbolize?

• Advocated that AA established control of political and economic life, not surrounded by the government (took on a more militant approach than the integrationist approach of the civil rights movement)

• Keys Leaders of the movement were Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael (leader of SNCC), Huey P. Newton (leader of the Black Panther Party), and Bobby Seale (leader of the Black Panther Party)

Black Panthers methods

• Most aggressive ( starts in CALI) → early assistant for families in California

• Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and other militants organized The Black Panthers which was a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self-rule for American blacks

Betty Friedan impact on Women’s Rights

• Writer & activist 

• First president of the late civil rights  NOW Movement

• Criticisms of traditional gender role

• Feminine Mystique, best selling book, which was about women's roles and how they should be changed

Vietnamization

• Give back control to South Vietnam (Doesn’t work) 

• A slogan created by Nixon

• He announced that he would gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war

All Civil Rights tactics and philosophies

• MLK wanted peaceful protest

• Malcolm X favored  violent 

• John Lewis was a prominent leader of the SNCC, who participated in sit-ins and freedom rides(interracial groups that traveled on buses through the south to challenge segregation)

• Sit-ins, Boycotts, Marches

• March to Montgomery

• “I Have a Dream” speech

Executive Order 9981

• President Truman wanted to advance civil rights for African Americans (signed the executive order into place)

• Military desegregation

Great Society Impact

• Held the president back in the Vietnam War

• Known as the largest social reform plan in modern history but was overshadowed by the Vietnam War (Johnson was forced to divert funds from the War on Poverty to the War in Vietnam)

• In 1968, Nixon set out to undo/revamp much of the Great Society’s legislation

Nixon stance on Civil Rights

• Nixon was reversing progress toward integration

• Lyndon B. Johnson→ for integration (quota act was reversed with the immigration policy during civil rights movement)

Q/A:

Q: In the 1960s, the policy referenced in the image was? Answer: overturned by the passage of new legislation.

Q: What was Betty Friedan’s impact on Women’s Rights? Answer: criticisms of traditional gender roles. Best selling book was about women's roles and how they should be changed (role in NOW movement)

Q: Why did the US deploy troops overseas when the War Power Act was passed? Answer: Because of communism

Q: Which of the following led to military involvement in Vietnam? Answer: Gulf of Tonkin

Q: Brown v. Board of Education overturned what case? Answer: Plessy v. Ferguson

Q: The central point of the 1960s cartoon above was that? Answer: the cost of the Vietnam War limited the President's ability to carry out domestic programs

Q: Chart from the 60s showing troops in Vietnam: Which Nixon policy caused this? Answer: Vietnamization

Q How did President Truman want to advance civil rights for African Americans? Answer: Executive Order 9981

Q: Great Society Impact__? Answer: Held the president back in Vietnam War