Ch. 5 PPT Infectious Disease - Student - Tagged

Chapter 5: Infectious Disease

Introduction

• Instructor: Mrs. Giomara McBee, PTA, MS, BS, Keiser University

Objectives

• Understand the types of infectious microorganisms that cause disease.

• Understand the chain of infection and infection control practices.

• Recognize the common signs and symptoms of infectious disease.

Types of Organisms (P. 113)

• Viruses: Smallest known microorganisms; cannot replicate outside host cells. Fully dependent on host cells for reproduction.

• Bacteria: Can grow independently; not all are harmful (e.g., pathogenic vs. nonpathogenic).

• Fungi: Includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms; primarily nonpathogenic (Mycoses).

• Parasites: Live on or in an organism (internal/external) and cause harm, can transmit infectious diseases.

• Prions: Abnormal proteins that can lead to disease, particularly affecting brain proteins.

Examples of Organisms

• Bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, Streptococcus pneumoniae, C. difficile, E. Coli.

• Viruses: Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, influenza, H1N1, measles, rubella, varicella-zoster, norovirus, COVID-19.

• Fungi: Yeasts, molds, mushrooms.

• Parasites: Worms, ticks, mosquitoes (malaria).

• Prions: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mad cow disease.

Chain of Transmission (P. 113)

• Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs): Infections that develop during hospitalization; prevention is key.

• Standard Precautions: Treat all clients as if they have a transmissible disease; essential hand hygiene.

• Handwashing is crucial, cited as the simplest and most effective way to prevent HAIs.

Pathogens (P. 114)

• Definition: Microorganisms that can cause disease.

• Factors: Varies by organism regarding immune response stimulation; the immune status of the individual is critical in determining infection risk.

Reservoir (P. 114)

• Definition: Environment where an organism lives and multiplies (can be animals, food, soil).

• May include symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers of the pathogen.

Portal of Exit (P. 114)

• Common exit routes for pathogens include secretions, fluids, excretions (e.g., urine, feces), and open lesions.

• Understanding exit routes aids in preventing pathogen transmission.

Modes of Transmission (P. 114)

• Contact Transmission:

  • Direct: Skin-to-skin or mucous membrane-to-mucous membrane.

  • Indirect: Transfer from inanimate objects (e.g., doorknobs).

  • Examples: Influenza, MRSA, C. difficile.

• Airborne Transmission: Small organisms suspended in the air, inhaled by a host (e.g., tuberculosis, measles).

• Droplet Transmission: Larger droplets traveling a short distance (e.g., influenza, bacterial meningitis).

• Vector-Borne: Involves insects/animals (e.g., malaria).

Portal of Entry (P. 114)

• Pathogens can enter through ingestion, inhalation, or through skin contact.

• Common routes: skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital, placenta.

Control of Transmission (P. 115)

• Isolation Precautions: Measures to prevent microbial transmission from infected to unaffected individuals.

• Standard Precautions: Hand hygiene, PPE, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette; apply to all clients.

  • Transmission-Based Precautions: Specific to the means of transmission (contact, droplet, airborne).

Health-care Associated Infections (P. 117)

• Considerations include strict infection control procedures and observance of signs of infection.

Tips for Preventing Infection

• Chest tubes, tracheostomy, urinary catheters, intravenous devices, feeding tubes should follow strict hygiene protocols.

• Key practices include handwashing and maintaining equipment clean from contamination.

Quiz Questions

1. Transmission Type Awareness: Identify the transmission mode for tuberculosis. Options: a. Airborne b. Contact c. Droplet d. Vector.

2. Standard Precautions: Determine which statement regarding standard precautions is incorrect (multiple-choice question).

Infectious and Safe Waste

• Infectious Waste Include: Blood components, sharps, infected body fluids.

• Safe Waste Includes: Non-infected waste like cotton balls and PPE.

Bacterial Infections (P. 119)

• Clostridium difficile (C. diff): Causes colon inflammation, primarily spreads through feces.

  • Common in healthcare settings; major transmission via hand contamination.

  • Symptoms: Persistent diarrhea and nausea.

  • Diagnosis/Treatment: Identifying toxins in stool; antibiotics like Flagyl; focus on hand hygiene and environmental disinfection.

Staphylococcal Infections (P. 120)

• S. aureus: Anaerobic bacteria, survives long on surfaces.

  • Common sources: nasal passages, skin. Higher infection risk in vulnerable populations.

Streptococcal Infections (P. 121-123)

• Transmitted through respiratory droplets.

• Type Examples: Strep throat, Streptococcus pneumoniae, leading to severe complications without treatment.

Pseudomonas Infections (P. 124)

• Common in patients with specific vulnerabilities: burns, cystic fibrosis, etc.

  • Symptoms: Dyspnea, elevated fever, productive cough.

Nosocomial Infections

• Examples: MRSA, E. coli, Viral hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS.

  • Differ in clinical manifestations and at-risk populations.

Contagious Childhood Diseases

• Includes Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella-zoster (Chickenpox).

  • Transmission via respiratory droplets and contact.

Lyme Disease (P. 133)

• Transmitted by deer ticks; prevalent in northeastern and north-central U.S.

  • Symptoms include rash and neurological issues.

Lab: Sterile Technique

• Procedures for donning and doffing sterile gloves; maintaining sterility during surgical interventions.

Proper Donning/Doffing of PPE

• Sequence to follow when putting on and taking off personal protective equipment (PPE).

Clean Technique for Wound Care

• Utilizes clean gloves and methods to minimize contamination.

Conclusion

• Emphasizes the need for adherence to hygiene guidelines and infection control practices in clinical settings.