UNIT 5 MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH:

5.4 Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders

Personality Disorders

• Personality: A person’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

• Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, often about an imminent event or uncertain outcome.

• Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self, and behavior.

• Antisocial personality disorder: A personality disorder marked by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often involving deceit, manipulation, and lack of remorse.

• Avoidant personality disorder: A disorder characterized by extreme social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative evaluation.

• Borderline personality disorder: A personality disorder characterized by unstable relationships, self-image, and emotions, along with impulsivity and self-destructive behavior.

• Cluster A: A group of personality disorders marked by odd or eccentric behaviors (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal).

• Cluster B: A group of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic).

• Cluster C: A group of personality disorders marked by anxious and fearful behaviors (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive).

• Dependent personality disorder: A disorder characterized by excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clingy behavior.

• Histrionic personality disorder: A disorder involving excessive emotionality, attention-seeking, and a need for approval.

• Narcissistic personality disorder: A disorder characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: A personality disorder marked by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

• Paranoid personality disorder: A disorder characterized by distrust and suspicion of others.

• Personality disorders: A group of mental disorders characterized by inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that impair functioning.

• Schizoid personality disorder: A disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression.

• Schizotypal personality disorder: A disorder involving social and interpersonal deficits, eccentric behavior, and cognitive distortions.

Anxiety Disorders

• Acrophobia: An intense fear of heights.

• Agoraphobia: A fear of situations where escape might be difficult, such as open spaces or crowded places.

• Anxiety disorders: A category of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety, along with related behavioral disturbances.

• Arachnophobia: An intense fear of spiders.

• Ataque de nervios: A culturally specific syndrome seen in Latin America involving uncontrollable shouting, crying, trembling, and sometimes aggressive behavior.

• Generalized anxiety disorder: A disorder marked by persistent and excessive worry about multiple aspects of life.

• Panic attack: A sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions without apparent cause.

• Panic disorder: A disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks.

• Phobia: An excessive, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.

• Social anxiety disorder: A disorder marked by extreme fear of social situations and being judged by others.

• Taijin kyofusho: A Japanese culture-specific disorder marked by fear of offending or embarrassing others.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

• Catatonia: A state of unresponsiveness, including rigidity, mutism, or purposeless movement.

• Catatonic stupor: A condition in which a person is unresponsive and appears to be in a daze.

• Delusions: Strongly held false beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary.

• Delusions of grandeur: False beliefs that one has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame.

• Delusions of persecution: False beliefs that one is being harassed, cheated, or plotted against.

• Disorganized motor behavior: Unusual movements, including agitation, rigidity, or aimless activity.

• Disorganized speech: Speech that is incoherent, tangential, or illogical.

• Dopamine hypothesis: The theory that schizophrenia is linked to excess dopamine activity in the brain.

• Hallucinations: Sensory experiences that occur without external stimuli, most commonly auditory.

• Negative symptoms: Symptoms that reflect a loss of normal functioning, such as reduced emotional expression.

• Positive symptoms: Symptoms that add abnormal experiences, such as hallucinations or delusions.

• Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A range of disorders characterized by psychotic symptoms, such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

• Word salad: Incoherent and disorganized speech that lacks logical connection.

Neurodevelopmental and Mood Disorders

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

• Neurodevelopmental disorders: A group of disorders that affect brain development, causing difficulties with learning, communication, and behavior.

• Bipolar disorders: A category of mood disorders involving extreme mood swings between mania and depression.

• Bipolar I Disorder: A disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be followed by depressive episodes.

• Bipolar II Disorder: A disorder involving hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes, but no full manic episodes.

• Cycling: The rapid switching between manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder.

• Mania: A state of heightened energy, euphoria, and impulsivity.

• Depression: A prolonged state of sadness and hopelessness.

• Depressive disorders: A category of disorders involving persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.

• Major Depressive Disorder: A severe form of depression lasting at least two weeks.

• Persistent Depressive Disorder: A chronic, less severe form of depression lasting at least two years.

Obsessive-Compulsive, Dissociative, and Trauma-Related Disorders

• Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions.

• Hoarding disorder: A disorder marked by excessive collecting and difficulty discarding possessions.

• Obsessions: Intrusive, unwanted thoughts that cause anxiety.

• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: Disorders involving repetitive thoughts and behaviors, such as OCD.

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A disorder involving persistent obsessions and compulsions.

• Dissociation: A disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory.

• Dissociative amnesia: A disorder characterized by memory loss of important personal information due to stress or trauma.

• Dissociative disorders: Disorders involving disruptions in identity, memory, or consciousness.

• Dissociative identity disorder (DID): A disorder where a person exhibits multiple distinct identities or personalities.

• Emotional detachment: A lack of emotional responsiveness.

• Flat affect: A lack of emotional expression.

• Flashbacks: Vivid re-experiences of traumatic events.

• Hostility: Aggressive or antagonistic behavior.

• Hypervigilance: An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity and alertness.

• Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A disorder characterized by flashbacks, avoidance, and heightened arousal following trauma.

• Trauma and stressor-related disorders: A category of disorders caused by exposure to stressful or traumatic events.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa: An eating disorder marked by extreme weight loss due to self-starvation and fear of gaining weight.

• Bulimia nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

• Feeding and eating disorders: Disorders characterized by abnormal eating behaviors that negatively impact physical health.