LIE DETECTION AND TECHNIQUES

PRELIMINARY COVERAGE

INTRODUCTION

In the middle of the 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian known as the Father of Criminalistics", defined search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigations. He asserted that a large part of the criminalist's work is nothing more than a battle against lies. He has to discover the truth and must fight the opposite. He meets the opposite at every step.

The search for truth and attempts at uncovering falsehood have been a universal and almost constant endeavor dating back at ancient times. In their attempt to discover deception, primitive societies developed complex procedure founded on magic and mysticism. The doors to the truth, divine creatures sent messages through fire, boiling water and torture. In some instance, faith in the powerful mysticism miraculously allowed the innocent to go unscathed while the guilty bore the mark of guilt.

Some of these rituals were based on sound physiological principles. Oriental people for example distinguished truth form lying by having the entire accused chew dry rice and then spit it out. While this was a simple task for the honest, those who were deceiving has difficulty in accomplishing this task and were then judged to be guilty and punished accordingly. This practice recognized that fear slows the digestive process, including salivation. Thus, the deceptive were unable to spit out the dry rice, while the innocent, having faith in the power of their deity to clear them of the unjust accusation, feit little fear in contrast to the guilty who know they would be discovered.

WHAT IS POLYGRAPHY?

It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. This is the new name of Lie Detection.

OTHER TERMS

Polygraphy it is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use instrument. This is the new name of Lie Detection. of a polygraph

Polygraph it is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of a subject under controlled condition.

It is also called a "Truth Verifier" since statistics show that it is the vast majority of the instances the instrument verifies an innocent person's truthfulness.

Lie Detector it is the popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. In Greek, Polygraph means "many writings" and the instrument was so named because it make various ink recordings of a person's body functions.

LIE DETECTION

In every criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper prosecution of offenders. Criminal Investigators must exert all effort to determine lying not only on the part of the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act witnesses, victims and many others.

In establishing the truth, criminal investigators apply various methods such as: observation, mechanical lie detection, use of drugs that inhibits the inhibitor, hypnosis and interrogation.

LIE is defined as any untruthful statement, falsehood, anything that deceives or creates false impression.

DETECTION is the act of detecting, discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering something obscure.

KINDS OF LIE

1. Benign Lie or White Lie

Used to maintain the harmony, of friendship, at home or inside the office.

2. Red Lie

A communist propaganda which is against the government.

3. Malicious Lie

A chronic lie to mislead justice. It is usually in the form of a pure dishonest statement for the purpose of obstructing justice.

4. Direct denial

A lie that results to emotional disturbance.

5. Lie of omission

The type of lle commonly used because it is easy to tell.

6. Lie of exaggeration

A kind of lie which is used to overplay what actually happened.

7. Lie of minimization

This involves acceptance of a person that something happened but downplays the implication or seriousness of the offense.

8. Fabricated Lie

A lie of fabrication which is most difficult to use because it is without proof.

TYPES OF LIAR

1. Panic Liar

A person who panics when questioned about his involvement concerning a crime but immediately denies the truth to avoid shame or humiliation that it might cause to his family. A panic liar decides to circumvent the truth in order to avoid humiliating consequences of his confession to himself or to his family.

2. Occupational Liar

An individual whose job is to tell lies and deceive other people. One who is being paid to tell lies. He is a practical liar he will tell lies if doing it provides a higher pay-off than telling the truth.

3. Tournament Liar

A person who uses the act of lying to test his ability and prove to his self that he is capable of deceiving the police or authorities. One who is gratified by telling lies to mislead others. His view is that telling lies is one form of contest.

4. Ethnological Liar

A person trained to lie. Members of intelligence agencies are good examples of this category of liars. Is one who is taught not to be a squeler.

5. Psychopathic Liar

An individual who has no conscience thus capable of lying to the point of causing death to other people.

6. Pathological Liar

A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong. A Lotally insane person.

7. Black Liar

A person who always pretends (of what he thinks of himself, what kind of person he is, and what he is). A liar of this type is known as hypocrite.

Historically, early human beings have their own way of determining lying or guilt on the part of the accused and accused. Their common method is thru the application of ORDEAL.

WHAT IS ORDEAL?

A severe test of character or endurance which is a trying course of experience.

A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.

Ordeal is a term closely related in the Medieval Latin "Dei Indicum" meaning "Miraculous decision". Ancient method of trial in which the accused was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was innocent.

AYUR-VEDA

A Hindu book of health and science. The earliest known reference of the methods for detecting deception. Basis of the invention of polygraph machine. Traditional way not scientific.

EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION (ORDEAL)

1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal

Practiced on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal

Accused placed his tongue to a red hot iron nine times unless burned sooner

If burned, he is put to death

Not only that (licking the iron), he is also made to carry the metal into his hands

It is doubtful whether the ordeal is meant to determined the physiological changes occurring in description for if this so, many false observations must have been made

2. Ordeal by balance

Fracticed in the Institute of Vishnu, India

Scale of balance is used

In one end of the scale the accused is placed, in other end a counter balance

The person will step out of the scale listened to a judge deliver an extortion is the balance and her back in. If he were found to be lighter than before then he should be acquitted.

3. Boiling water ordeal

Used in modern Africa

The method is that the subject will plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step into the other side of the fire. All are told te undergo the test without a murmur

And when all are finished, they are told to return at the same time the next afternoon.

The one who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the thief

4. Ordeal by rice chewing

This ordeal was practiced by the Indians. A type of rice called sathee is prepared with various incantations. The accused is required to chew a handful of sathee while facing the east direction. After a few moments, he must spit on a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his moth swells or he trembles, he is declared a liar.

5. Cold water ordeal

This was the usual mode of trial for witchcraft. It involves a "no-win" situation just like some other dangerous forms of ordeal. In this ordeal, the accused was put into a sack then thrown into an icy pond. If the accused sank this showed he was innocent, but he might well drown anyway. If he floated, this was taken proof that he was lying and he would be hanged.

6. Red water ordeal

This is also called sassy bark ordeal, was practiced somewhere in Eastern Africa. After fasting for 12 hours, the accused is required to swallow a small amount of rice. He is then immersed in dark colored water. If the accused ejects all the rice, he is considered innocent.

7. Bier ordeal

A bier is a table on which a casket or a corpse is placed. Bier ordeal was practiced in England. I based on the belief that the dead could point out their killer. The accused is required to approach the bier. If the wound of the dead starts to bleed again, then the murderer is near.

8. Corsnaed ordeal (also called blessed bread ordeal)

In this ordeal, a priest would place hallowed bread into the mouth of the accused while uttering imprecations. If the accused swallowed the blessed bread, he would be considered free from punishment.

12. Eucharist test

This ordeal was for the clergy and monks as practiced in Europe, particularly by the Catholics. Eucharist is a ceremony in many Christian churches during which consecrated bread and wine are consumed to commemorate the last meal of Jesus Christ with his disciples before his death. Accordingly, when the accused takes the host and he is guilty, God would smite him with sickness or death..

13. Ordeal of the Tiger

This is practiced in Siam. Accuser and accused were placed together in the same room and a tiger St loose upon them. If both were spared, further elimination followed.

14. Ordeal by combat

It is practiced in England. The accuser and accused report to a duel where the winner was adjudged innocent.

15. Donkey's tail ordeal

It is based on psychological theory, in which the donkey placed in one room alone and observed it, if the donkey cried will be adjudged of guilty of such crime.

Concept of Polygraph Examination

1. Used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception or verify the truth of statement

2. Records identifiable physiological reactions of the subject such as: blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance

3. The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deceptions is based on the theory that a conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person to deceive causes involuntary physiological changes that are in effect a body's reaction to an imminent danger to its well being

Objective of a polygraph examination

a. Obtain additional investigation leads to the facts of the case/offenses

b. Ascertain if a person is telling the truth

c. Locate the fruits or tools of the crime or whereabouts of wanted persons

d. Identify other persons involved

e. Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses.

f. Eliminate the innocent suspects

Principal uses of the polygraph

a. Aid in investigation

b. Speeds up processing of investigation

c. Eliminates innocent suspects

d. Pre-employment screening

e. Honesty test (Periodic test)

Scientific methods of detecting deception

• Polygraph Examination

• Word Association Test

• Use of Hypnotism

• Use of Alcoholic beverages

• Administration of truth serum or narco-analysis test

Sign and symptoms of emotional tension

• color change

• sweating

• inability to look straight in the investigator's eyes

• change in heart rate and pulse beat

• holding of breath

• dryness of mouth and throat

• peculiar and unusual expressionunusual behavior

• the Erlanger principle is utilized with its objectionable feature eliminated, which is to say it will function at practically any level, there being no high or low dead spots, and repairs when needed are very easily made.

Major Components, Parts, Accessories and Pen & Inking System of the Analog Polygraph Machine

A. KYMOGRAPH - Is a small motor that puil or dried the chart paper at the rate of 6 inches per minute.

B. PNEUMOGRAPH-records the changes in the breathing of the subject.

C. CARDIO-SPHYMOGRAPH - records the changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject..

D. GALVANOGRAPH - records the changes in the skin resistance of the subject in a small amount of electricity attached in the index and ring finger.

A. KYMOGRAPH OR CHART DRIVING MECHANISM

a. Chart roll arbor

b. Idler roller

c. Pen table

d. Paper guides

e. Sprocket roller

f. Cutter bar

g. Off and on power switch

h. Synchronous motor

B. PNEUMOGRAPH SECTION

a. Rubber bellows

b. Beaded chain

c. Rubber flexible tubing

d. Pneumograph tube connection

e. Pneumograph connecting tube

f. Pneumograph distributing ink

g. Pneumograph pipe line

h. Vent valve and vent bottom

1. Tambour assembly

j. Sphygmomanometer

k. Resonance control

C. CARDIO-SPHYMOGRAPH SECTION

a. Pump bulb assembly

b. Blood pressure pump connection

c. Blood pressure cuff assembly

d. Connector block

e. Sphygmomanometer pipe line

D. GALVANOGRAPH SECTION

a. Hand electrode

b. Electrode bellow

c. Galvanometer

PEN AND INKING SYSTEM - is used to make a permanent record of the test. (Not a major part)

a. Capillary pen

b. Ink well plates

c. Ink dropper

d. Duct bill

There are two short pens, one for the cardio and one for the pneumo and a longer one for the galvanograph.

Be aware that Analog Polygraph Machine and old one that use graphing paper for recording the tracing while Digital Polygraph Machine is the modem one using laptop for the recording of the polygraph examination.

Analog Polygraph Machine

Historical Development of Lie Detection "Polygraphy" and the Scientist Who Contributed in the Development of Polygraph

A. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOSPYMOGRAPH

ANGELO MOSSO (1895)

• Studied fear influence on the heart and his observation subsequently forms the basis for detecting technique.

• Developed a type of sphygmomanometer and scientific cardio for the study of fear.

CESAR LOMBROSO (1895)

• An Italian Scientist

• First person to utilize an instrument for the purpose of detecting lies.

• Employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception called Hydrosphygmograph which measures changes in puise and blood pressure when suspect were questioned about their involvement in a particular offense.

DR. WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON (1915)

• Conducted numerous tests for detecting utilizing the changes in systolic blood pressure.

• Favored discontinuous method of reading systolic blood pressure

• Experimented with galvanograph which register changer in skin resistance.

JOHN A. LARSON (1921)

• Devised an instrument capable of continuously recording blood pressure changes, pulse rate and respiration.

• First inventor of American Polygraph Machine

• Developed board lie detector which was polygraphic, apparatus in portable form.

HUGO MUNSTERBURG (1908)

• Proposed that lie test based on lie detector should be admissible as evidence in court.

• The detection is based on using blood pressure variations for deception detection.

• He advocates the used of lie detection in court.

• But it was not known if the same was followed.

B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT

STICKER-1897

• He made the first suggestion for using galvanograph for detecting deception base on the works of several predecessors.

• He theorized that galvanic skin reflex is influence by existing mental impression and that will had no effect upon it.

• First inventor of Polygraph Machine

• He invented the first lie detector using Electro dermal response.

OTTO VERAGUTH - 1926

• He was the first who used the term psycho-galvanic reflex.

• He believed that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands.

FERE - 1888

• French scientist

• Declared that electro dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and vital energy converted with human emotions.

• He asserted that human body has the ability to generate store, discharged high voltage of static electricity.

JACQUES-ARSENE D'ARSONVAL

• French scientist

• Declared that electricity is generated by the body and named External Friction as source of generation.

• He assorted those sweat glands which the body at times store the electricity and at other times discharged them.

• PAUL WILHELM AND DONALD BURNS (1951)

• Michigan City, Indiana, USA (Independent Lie Detector Specialists)

• Invented an Electronic Psychometric using Electro dermal Response as a basis for lie detection.

• Both have proven that results of lie detection test (during) using their instrumental 95% accurate.

C. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT

VITTORIO BENUSSI-1914

• He noted changes in respiration ration during deception

• He recorded respiratory course with the pneumograph component.

HAROLD E. BURTT-1918

• He determine the respiratory changes was indication of deception

• He found that changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining deception than in changes respiration.

LEONARD KEELER - 1926

• He devised metal recording bellows

• chart paper

• Incorporated galvanograph with the measurement of blood pressure and respiration

• Method of question

• Kymograph

• Father of Modern Polygraphy

CHESTER W. DARROW (1930)

Devised a research photo polygraph which records several responses simultaneously response (skin)

a. Electro dermal response (skin)

b. Blood pressure

c. Heart Beat Frequency

d. Tine between verbal stimuli and verbal response

e. Signal marks

f. Involuntary tremors of one hand

g. Breathing amplitude and frequency

h. Voluntary movement of the hand

This method did not however last long.

JOHN E. REID - 1945

• Devised an instrument for recording muscular activity.

• The recording made simultaneously with blood pressure pulse respiration tracings, renders much more accurate any diagnosis based upon these later phenomena.

SIR JAMES MACKENZIE

• Generally overlooked in that history of the lie detector technique is the fact that so called polygraph was in existence at least as early as 1906.

• Its invention, however as not for lie detection purposes, rather for the use in medical examination.

• Nevertheless, it did contain the essential features of present day instrument and first construction was based upon the same principle.

• Its inventor was Sir James Mackenzie, the famous English Heart Specialist which an articles entitled "The Ink Polygraph" which appeared in 1908 number of the English Journal.

CLEVE BACKSTER - 1947

• Develop the control question technique which introduces a lie in the polygraph chart to establish a yard sticks so that one would know what the reaction really means.

• If this person responds to this control lie to a greater extent than does to the actual questions under investigation e assume and establish the subject is telling the truth at the point.

• If the reverse is true we state that he is not telling the truth at that point.

THE PIONEERS WHO USED BLOOD PRESSURE IN DETECTING DECEPTION ARE THE FOLLOWING.

LOMBROSO-1895

MUNSTER BURG-1908

MARSTON-1917

JOHN LARSON - 1921

DARROW-1930

LEONARD KEELER - 1930

PIONEERS WHO USED HEARTBEAT IN DETECTING DECEPTION

ERASISTRATUS

• Greek Physician (300 B.C)

• Had successfully noted the frequency of heartbeat, upon application of some stimuli related to the question at hand.

GALILEO (1581)

• Devised a gadget called "Pulsilogium"

• Instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency.

• He did not use this device for lie detection purposes.