Hobsbawm 75-90 Fr. Rev.

The French Revolution Overview

• Importance: The French Revolution is regarded as one of the most significant revolutions in history, shaping modern political ideologies and structures.

• Global Influence: The ideas and consequences of the French Revolution influenced other nations, with principles of nationalism and civil rights spreading worldwide.

Key Dates and Concepts

• Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789): Seen as a symbol of royal authority, marking the beginning of the Revolution.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789): A key document embodying the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, focusing on individual rights rather than social equality.

Causes of the Revolution

• Economic Crisis: The financial troubles of monarchy and declining agricultural productivity led to widespread discontent, especially among the peasantry and urban poor.

• Class Discontent: The nobility and bourgeoisie were frustrated by the absolute monarchy and sought more political power, particularly via the calling of the States-General.

Key Social Classes Involved

• Bourgeoisie: The middle class played a prominent role in the revolution advocating for liberal policies and reform.

• Peasantry: Comprising 80% of the population, they suffered under feudal dues, taxes, and inflation, ultimately contributing to the upheaval.

• Sansculottes: An informal group of revolutionary activists from the working classes, they pushed for more radical social reforms.

Revolutionary Phases

1. Moderate Phase (1789-1791)

   • Led by the bourgeoisie, focused on constitutional monarchy and liberal reforms.

   • Successful reforms, including the breakdown of feudal privileges and the establishment of the metric system.

2. Radical Phase (1792-1794)

   • Marked by the rise of the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.

   • Implementation of total war strategies to defend France and ensure the revolution’s survival against foreign threats.

Consequences of the Revolution

• End of Monarchial Absolutism: The Revolution dismantled centuries of monarchial rule and led to the establishment of a republic.

• Impact on Global Politics: Inspired movements across Europe and the Americas, it became a model for revolutionary actions worldwide.

• Class Dynamics: While it promoted ideas of citizenship and rights, the revolutionaries largely represented the interests of the bourgeoisie, often sidelining the working poor.

The Role of War

• French Revolutionary Wars: Conflicts with other nations served to galvanize revolutionary fervor and were seen as both an opportunity for expansion and a defensive necessity against counter-revolutionaries.

• Radicalization of Society: Military failures amplified calls for more aggressive revolutionary measures, reinforcing support for the Jacobins.

Legacy

• Formation of Modern Nationalism: The Revolution laid the groundwork for modern nation-states and national identities, showing a shift towards collective governance and away from absolutism.

• Revolutionary Ideals: The enduring principles of liberty, fraternity, and equality continue to inspire movements for social change and democratic governance worldwide.