Exam 2 Study Guide

Learning outcomes – Ch 7: Outcomes (Study Guide):
• Describe the structure and function of components found in a
prokaryotic cell
• Describe the structure and function of components found in a
eukaryotic cell
• Compare and contrast the cellular structure and components of a
prokaryotic cell vs a eukaryotic cell
• Compare and contrast the cellular structure and components of a
plant cell vs an animal cell
• Explain how proteins are imported into the nucleus
• Explain how proteins are secreted from the cell
• Explain how proteins are targeted to the ER
• Explain how proteins are sorted in the Golgi apparatus
• Match cytoskeleton filaments with their associated motor proteins

Learning outcomes – Ch 8: Outcomes (study guide):
• Determine if chemical reactions will have a positive or negative
change in enthalpy and/or entropy
• Determine if a chemical reaction will be spontaneous
• Describe factors that influence reaction rate
• Identify oxidizing and/or reducing agents in chemical equations
• Characterize reactions based on a free-energy diagram
• Identify components of a free-energy diagram for enzyme-
catalyzed reactions
• Explain the steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
• Describe limitations of an enzyme’s structure and function
• Compare and contrast the types of enzyme inhibition

Learning outcomes – Ch 9: Outcomes (study guide):
• List the inputs and outputs of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric
acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and lactic acid fermentation
• Recall where each step of cellular respiration occurs in the cell
• Explain what is meant by the ‘energy investment’ and ‘energy payoff’
phases of glycolysis
• Classify specific reactions of cellular respiration (isomerization, redox,
substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Explain the transformations of energy throughout cell respiration
• Explain the transformations of carbon throughout cell respiration
• Explain how the electron transport chain and the proton motive force
contribute to ATP production
• Compare and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and
fermentation
• Explain how a lack of O2 leads to the occurrence of fermentation

Learning outcomes – Ch 10: Outcomes (study guide):
• List the inputs and outputs of the light reactions and Calvin cycle
• Recall where in the cell the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur
• Explain the transformations of energy throughout the light reactions
and Calvin cycle
• Compare and contrast Photosystems II and I
• Explain noncyclic vs cyclic electron flow and when each would be the
preferred process in the light reactions
• Compare and contrast cell respiration and photosynthesis
• Describe Rubisco and its role in photorespiration, and why this is a
problem for plants
• Compare and contrast C3, C4, and CAM plants
• Explain how C4 and CAM plants overcome photorespiration

Learning outcomes – Ch11: Outcomes (study guide):
• Describe the four types of cell junctions
• Explain the four steps of cell-cell signaling and be able
to place them in the correct order
• Compare and contrast cell signaling of lipid-soluble
and lipid-insoluble molecules