Health 9

Watch out for bold print terms underline it and italicize words. Chapter 1:1.1

A child’s physical and mental health are determined by primarily by his genetic makeup. His development in the womb and circumstances of his childhood. Ovum and sperm unite to make zygote. Zygote travels to the uterus and when they become a hollow sphere they are referred to as a blastocyst. Once implantation occurs the cluster of cells is known as an embryo. During the 3rd and 4th weeks a structure called a placenta forms. A placenta is a sac of blood vessels. It works as the kidney and the lungs. Kidney filters waste from the baby’s blood and delivering them to the mother’s blood for disposal. The placenta also works as an intestine absorbing nutrients from the mother’s blood. the mother’s blood and baby’s blood never mix. Umbilical cord a bundle of three blood vessels. As it grows and divide around the sixth week the baby is 1/2 inch long. It has ears and arms. 9th week of development it is now a fetus until birth. 4th month the fetus is most active and it has hair now. It also starts to suck its thumb. 5th month eyebrows and eyelashes. 6th months it gets scared of loud noises. 7th month the baby can open its eyes. 9th month the baby is born and no longer needs the umbilical cord. God gave the baby everything it needs to survive. To birth to 18 months he experience the fastest growing period of his life. From 18th months to 3 years the child coordination improves and he masters walking. Between 3 and 6 energy levels are high.

Uterus another name is womb.

End of lesson 1

Lesson 2

Adolescence is the transitional change to childhood to birth. Out of the womb there a doctor called a pediatrician to do check ups. Puberty is the stage of development in which the body becomes able to reproduce.

Endocrinology is the study of endocrine system. Gland and their hormone. Pituitary glandregulates growth. The nickname for the pituitary gland is the master gland. The interior lobe has the growth hormone. Somatotropin is the growth hormone. Somatotropin is the hormone for the pituitary gland. If the pituitary gland is not giving enough it could give dwarfism. Too much then you’re a giant. Another hormone is the antidiuretic hormone helps regulate blood pressure and the body’s water balance. These two hormones are linked with the pituitary gland. Thyroid gland regulates your metabolism which burns your food and generates energy. If you have high metabolism you would be skinny and high energy but if low metabolism your fat. Thyroxine links with metabolism. Thyroxine which contains iodine is the principal hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland works ham and ham with the parathyroid gland which works very similar to the thyroid gland. Calcium links with parathyroid gland. Calcium is good for strong bones and muscle contraction. But if it stops boom you have a cramp in your leg. Parathyroid Gland regulates your calcium. Eat properly so you will have the right calcium ion. Adrenal gland links with stress. Epinephrine hormonecommonly referred to as adrenaline. The emergency action. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium and helps regulate the body’s water balance. Cortisol another hormone stimulates the body to repair itself from injury and function properly. So next time you feel a cold coming laugh look at something funny it might shorten the cold. The pancreas is an important organ. Islets of Langerhans regulate glucose/sugar in the blood. Islets of Langerhans is a small cluster of cells scattered throughout the pancreas.Insulin helps subtract blood sugar which is stored in the liver. It stores it as glycogen. Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert the glycogen into glucose and releases into the blood stream to increase the blood sugar. Reproductive glands are the gonads testes in males and ovaries in females. Pineal gland regulates the sleepiness and awake. When night falls the pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin which triggers sleepiness. Male have testosterone and females have estrogen.

End of lesson 2

Lesson 3

Gastroenterology. Gastro means stomach entero means intestines.

The digestive system has three major functions

• Digestion of foods

• Absorption of nutrients

• Elimination of waste

Crown the part of a tooth we can see is covered by enamel the hardest substance in the body. Dentin forms the main part of the tooth. Pulp is the soft tissue in the hollow center. Root canal. Cementum is the glue that holds the tooth firmly. Periodontal  membrane produces more cementum. The gingiva or gum is the tissue that surrounds the teeth. The tongue gets it ready to swallow food by making the food into a ball. Once we swallow it goes into our pharynx which is our throat. The uvula helps to protect our nasal cavity. The epiglottis prevent food from going into your wind pipe or respiratory tract. It closes over the top of the trachea (windpipe). Once you swallow your food it enters your esophagus. Enzymes activates or speeds up chemical reactions in our body. Salivary glands produce saliva a digestive juice containing water mucus and digestive enzymes. Esophagus a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Two layers of involuntary muscles produce wave like contractions called peristalsis that forces food through the digestive tract. A sphincter muscle allows food to pass into the stomach. The stomach stores food. Gastric juice a mixture of hydrochloric acid digestive enzymes and mucus. The gastric juice mix with food particles changes into a thick liquid called chyme. The mucus membrane protects the stomach from digestive enzymes and corrosive action of the acid. Most  chemical digestion occurs in the duodenum. Absorption is the movement of water digested food and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream. Villi is tiny hairlike projections. Most absorption occurs in the jejunum the middle section of the small intestine. Ileum the longest part of the small intestines moves undigested food particles by peristalsis through the ileum into the colon. The colon or large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine but much shorter. The liver is the largest internal organ.

Lesson 4

Review bold print and previous chapters.

Review

Doctor who specializes in disorders and diseases in the endocrine system is an endocrinologist. Chemical messengers are hormones. Study of the digestive system is gastroenterology. Digestion is the chemical breakdown of foods. Dentin is the bone like substance thats shapes the tooth or forms the main part of the tooth. Dentist treats diseases of the teeth. Gastroenterologists treats diseases and disorders in the digestive system. The medical term for the gums is gingiva and the medical term for the throat is the pharynx. Epiglottis stops food from going into your trachea. The juices that help speed up digestion is the enzymes. Two layers of involuntary muscles produce wave like contraction called the peristalsis. Sphincter muscle that releases the food from your esophagus into your small intestine. Most chemical digestion happens in the first ten inches of the small intestine which is called the duodenum. Middle portion of the small intestine where absorption takes place is  jejunum. Large intestine another name would be colon eliminates waste. Liver is the largest internal organ. It stores vitamins and produce an enzyme called bile that bile is sent into the gallbladder. Bile breaks down oils and fats.

Lesson

Macronutrients we need these nutrients. It includes carbohydrates protein and fats. First category carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon oxygen and hydrogen. We need them for energy. Rice pasta and bread all have carbs. It’s made of sugars. Monosaccharides is our glucose. When we add it to fructose it’s disaccharide. Polysaccharides formed from long chains of simple carbohydrates. Ten to thirteen of sugar is in soda. Because It’s simple carbohydrates having too much it will store as fat. You’ll feel very energetic and then you a sugar crash. We need to elongate the energy. In soda there is no nutritional values. Complex carbohydrates are our polysaccharides which can be found in pasta rice bread. 45 to 65% of carbs should make up our diet. The excess amount of carbs turn into to glucose but we don’t need all that nervy so it stores it as glycogen which is in our liver. Dietary fiber reduces cholesterol. A type of dietary fiber is soluble fiber which dissolves in water. Dietary helps to move undigested waste materials along the gastrointestinal tract at a normal rate. Bread carrot and nuts are good sources of dietary fiber. Proteins are made up of building blocks called amino acids. Meats give you complete proteins or essential amino acids. Plant proteins or incomplete proteins you can eat with a combination to make it into an essential amino acid. The percentage for proteins in our diet 10-30%. Proteins help to build our body and repair cells and repair injuries. Proteins help you to grow. One final macronutrient category are fats. Our fats and our lipids. Triglycerides are fat molecules consisting of three fatty acids. Fats can come from animals and plants. Animals fat are solid at room temperature but a plat fat at room temperature are liquid. Long carbon chain for fats with lots of hydrogen that it can’t hold anymore is called saturated. Unsaturated fats are broken down easier because they share a bond. If there is one double bond it’s called a monounsaturated fat. But if there lacks multiple hydrogen bonds it’s called a polyunsaturated. Hydrogenated oil is when you add more hydrogen to the point where it’s firm and the more saturated it becomes. Unsaturated fats are better for you het them from vegetables oils and stuff like that. Lipoprotein fats that are transported through your bloodstream in packages of fats and protein. HDL/ high density lipoprotein are better for you’re than LDL. You need 25-35% of fats.

Lesson 5

Review

Gastroenterology digest system. Periodontal membrane produces cementum. Chyme is liquified food. Macronutrients carbs protein lipids. Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acid is an incomplete protein. Carbs 45-65%. Dietary fiber.

To keep blood cholesterol low

• Marian recommended body weight

• Increase daily intake of soluble fiber

• Reduce fat intake especially saturated fats

• Exercise regularly

• Do not smoke

Micronutrients. Micro means small. We need small amounts of these nutrients. Vitamins help produce energy skin healthy. Antioxidants eliminates free radicals. Vitamin c and vitamin e act as our antioxidants to eliminate free radicals.

Two categories for vitamins

Water soluble is one. Vitamins b and vitamin c are water soluble. These vitamins produce energy. Vitamin B12 helps with DNA. Vitamin c helps with proper immune system. And to repair and our body. To help the loss of water soluble vitamins

• Use fresh vegetables as soon as possible

• Sere or refrigerated sliced and chopped fruits or vegetables

• Cook the vegetables and steam them in little water.

• Cover foods during cooking to prevent loss of vitamins.

• Use leftover liquid in soups.

A deficiency disease can be caused by having a lack of vitamin c and other water soluble vitamins.

Enriched foods are foods with added vitamins during processing.

Fat soluble vitamins. The four of these vitamins are vitamins A D E and K. Vitamin A help prevent night blindness, healthy skin, speeds up repair of body tissue, protects you from colds and infections.

Vitamin K helps with blood coagulation to help prevent blood clots. Vitamin E helps with immune system. Vitamin D helps to prevent tooth decay and helps with strong bones and teeth. Lack vitamin can cause rickets. Too many vitamins lead to hypervitaminosis is usually associated with fat soluble vitamins.

Lesson 6

Review. Gastro refers to stomach peri means surrounding dent or don’t means tooth mono means one, many means poly fat or fatty means lip or lipo and small is micro. Test is in lesson 10

Side vs. Side review

Umbilical cord to the wall of the uterus. Embryo. Endocrinology study of the endocrine system. Gastroenterology study of digestive systems. Gastroenterologist help with disorders in the digestive system. Enzymes speed up chemical breakdown. Peristalsis wave like. Esophagus a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Sphincter is a muscle that allows food into the stomach. Chyme is liquefied food. Most chemical digestion occurs in the duodenum the first ten inches of the small intestines. Liver is the largest internal organ. Macronutrients most of our body’s needs these nutrients. Carbs 45-65%. Dietary fiber absorbs water and helps the body move undigested waste materials. Protein are longs chains of amino acid. Incomplete protein lack one or more essential amino acids. Fat like substance that accumulates in your blood is cholesterol. Sutured fats are mostly animal fat. Antioxidant are substances that eliminate free radicals. Deficiency disease. Hypervitaminosis. Enriched foods adds vitamins during processing.

Lesson

Inorganic nutrients. Minerals and calcium. You need small amounts but is vital. Phosphorus and magnesium. Magnesium helps with energy production. Electrolytes are minerals that can conduct electricity. Potassium sodium and chlorine are all electrolytes. Sports drink has electrolytes. Only 2400 milligrams of sodium is the amount of intake you should eat. But the average American eats 5000 milligrams. Trace elements are vitally important but your body needs small quantities. Zinc copper selenium chromium manganese iodide iron, and molybdenum. We need water for almost everything. It also lubricate your joints. 6 to 8 water a day. Soda does not count as water. Reduce energy too so drink water.

Lesson 7

Magnesium is vital to energy production. Dietary fiber helps the body move undigested waste materials along the gastrointestinal tract. Caffeine acts as a diuretic causing your body to lose liquids.

Review

Peristalsis force food through the esophagus and the rest of the digestive tract. Incomplete protein from plants. Antioxidants  vitamins are vitamin C and E. Hyper means excessive amount. So too many vitamins will cause hypervitaminosis. Three electrolytes are sodium potassium and chlorine. Dietitian. Clinical dietitian are apart of a medical team, a community dietitian work for the government health programs and local businesses. Education and research dietitians who have advanced college degrees. Management dietitians work in the food service department or kitchen in hospitals. Business  dietitians work for a variety of foods and nutrition related companies. Consult dietitians are In business for themselves. Kilocalories/calorie the common unit for measuring the energy value of foods. Kilocalories 9one thousand calories) is often shorten to calories. Grilled chicken has a high nutritional value and good protein but fried chicken adds more calories and fat and grease. Metabolism is the chemical process of burning food. When are body at rest will are still burning calories but its the lowest rate it can be at which is called basal metabolism. Nutrient density the proportion of nutrients compared to the number of calories the food contains.