Columbian Exchange: Columbus’s discovery of the new world led to the usage of international commerce, and goods from all the New World to the Old World (and vice versa) were traded.
Hernan Cortes: Spanish conquistador/colonizer who brutally wiped out the Aztecs
Fransisco Pizarro: Brutally conquered the Incas, and stole their resources as well (silver)
The conquistadors also brought crops and animals, language and laws, customs and religion
Vasco Nunez Balboa: European discoverer of Pacific Ocean who crossed Panamanian isthmus into Pacific Ocean. He was the first european to have reached Pacific from New World
Ferdinand Magellan: First circumnavigation of the globe
Juan Ponce de Leon: conquered florida
Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot): Explored the northeast coast of North America.
Robert de La Salle: An expeditioner who explored the Mississippi River
Francisco Coronado: a wanderer, formally marched throughout the land, even going as far as Kansas (he started w/Arizona and New Mexico). He discovered the grand Canyon and enormous herds of buffalo (bison)
Battle of Acoma:
In Mexico, Coronado’s expedition of 1540s to upper Rio Grande and Colorado River Regions motivated Conquistadors to go northward
An expeditionary column traveled through the Sonora Desert from Mexico into the Rio Grande valley in 1598
Led by Don Juan de Onate, the Spaniards cruelly abused the Pueblo peoples they encountered
The Spaniards cruelly abused the Pueblo people, by cutting off the survivors’ feet. They forcefully took New Mexico and proclaimed its capital to be Santa Fe
The Spanish settlers in New Mexico found a few furs and precious little gold, but they found a lot of people to convert to Christianity
Pope’s Rebellion: A rebellion that took place after Roman missionaries were “converting” and destroying Native religious customs. The Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed Spanish settlers and priests. The Native Americans rebuilt the kiva, or ceremonial religious chamber, on the ruins of Santa Fe.
It took the Spanish nearly 50 years to claim New Mexico from the Native Americans
Father Junipero Serra: Roman Catholic priest who established twenty-one missions in California. He Christianized Natives, who converted but also lost their culture and their lives since they were killed by disease.
The misdeeds of the Spanish in the New World obscured their achievements and helped give birth to the Black Legend: A false concept that the Spanish made in order to excuse their treatment of the Native Americans. They tortured and killed the Native Americans, stole their resources, infected them with diseases as a “killing for Christ”
Middlemen: acts as an intermediary; the middlemen bought from producers and sold them to those who wanted the products, though the goods were expensive and purchasers were limited.