Cells energy

Respiratory System

System responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Involves internal respiration and external respiration.

Epiglottis

flap of cartilage that covers passage of air when eating and sits in upright position when air is being taken in

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Lung

Where gas exchanges between atmosphere and blood

bronchi

two branches that leads to lungs (lined with cilia and mucus)

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi (lined with cilia and mucus)

alveoli

Air sacs clustered at the end of bronchioles

How gas exchanges in the lungs

capillaries surround each alveolus and oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

How gas exchanges in the cells

Most of the oxygen that has diffused into the blood, goes to red blood cells containing hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules. When the blood reaches the cells the oxygen concentration is higher in the blood than in the cell, so the oxygen diffuses into the cells.

How carbon dioxide and water vapor is exhaled

Carbon dioxide that diffuses out of cells, reacts with water in the plasma and carbonic acid is formed. The carbonic acid disassociates into bicarbonate ions and a proton. Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions and protons. When the blood reaches the lungs, the bicarbonate ions and proton combine to make carbon dioxide and water. When it is diffused out of the capillaries it is exhaled.

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Inspiration

process of talking air into lungs

how does inspiration work

As the rib muscles contract, the diaphragm flattens. The volume in the thoracic cavity increases when the ribs are pushed out and this reduces the air pressure within the cavity. Air pressure on the outside of the body is higher than the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity. Due to the difference in air pressure, air from the atmosphere moves into the lungs.

Expiration

process of exhaling air out of the lungs

How does expiration work

Opposite of inspiration. Ribs muscles relax and lungs are deflated. Less volume in thoracic cavity, so less air pressure in the cavity than on the outside of the body. Air pressure moves out of the body in order to reach equilibrium.

Hypoxia

condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues)

Why do cells need energy?

active transport, cell division, protein synthesis

ATP

(Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups) main energy source for cells

ADP

(Adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups) Result of high energy bond breaking off of ATP to release energy for cell use

ATP synthesis

glucose acts an indirect energy that brings ADP and lone phosphate groups to make ATP

Glycolysis

Breaking down glucose into two pyruvic acids in the cytoplasm. Provides energy (H+ ions and electrons) to the ETC. Then the pyruvic acids enter the matrix of the mitochondria.

Kreb cycle

In the matrix of the mitochondria, one carbon is removed as CO2 (product) from pyruvic acid. Energy (H+ ions and electrons) provided to the ETC.

ETC (electron transport chain)

Inner membrane of the mitochondria (Cristae). Electrons and oxidized H+ ions provide the energy for ATP synthase to add the lone phosphate group to ADP to make ATP.

Formula for Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 —> ATP + CO2 +H2O

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does kreb cycle occur?

matrix of mitochondria

Where does ETC occur?

inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae)

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

2

How many ATP molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle?

2

How many ATP molecules are produced during ETC?

32

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Alcohol fermentation

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

Why is alcohol fermentation used in foods?

Making alcohol or makes bread rise with CO2 bubbles

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Where does fermentation occur?

cytoplasm

Lactic Acid Fermentation

anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs in animals and some bacteria. Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid.

Why is lactic acid fermentation used in foods?

Bacteria that produce lactic acid are used to make cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and give an acid taste to pickles.

Where does the electrons go if the ETC does not run?

pyruvic acid, so glycolysis can occur to make ATP

3 main sources of energy for humans

- Stored ATP in muscles
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Cellular Respiration

What source of ATP would a sprinter most likely use?

Lactic Acid Fermentation for quick supply of ATP

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Thylakoids

Sac inside the chloroplast formed by the inner membrane, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Stroma

fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane

Photosystems

Light-capturing pigments in the thylakoid membranes

PS II

sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll into thylakoid membrane. H2O is broken down in H+, electrons, O2. O2 is a excreted as a waste product

PS I

electrons from PS II are re-energized by light and is used for energy in light-independent reaction

light-dependent reaction

first stage (occurs in thylakoid membrane) of photosynthesis where PS II absorbs light to break down H2O into H+, electrons, and O2 (also broken down by enzymes). O2 is a waste product. H+ and electrons provide energy to ATP synthase to make ATP for light-independent reaction . Then PS I re-energizes electrons from PS II to make energy for light-independent reaction.

light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle

Second stage (occurs in stroma) of photosynthesis where CO2 is absorbed through stoma then diffuses into stroma. Glucose is made with CO2 by energy that H+, electrons, and ATP provides. The ADP is brought back to the thylakoid to be re-used.

What is the photosynthesis equation?

H2O + CO2 + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + O2