Objectives

 * I can trace the path of food through the organs of the digestive system.

   * Key Path: Mouth -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine -> Rectum -> Anus.

   * Remember key actions at each stage (e.g., chewing in the mouth, nutrient absorption in the small intestine).

 * I can distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion.

   * Mechanical: Physical breakdown (chewing, churning).

   * Chemical: Enzyme breakdown (amylase, pepsin, lipase).

 * I can describe where each of the following is digested: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

   * Carbohydrates: Mouth (amylase), small intestine (pancreatic amylase).

   * Proteins: Stomach (pepsin), small intestine (proteases).

   * Lipids: Small intestine (lipase, aided by bile from liver/gallbladder).

 * I can explain the digestive function of the following: mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, stomach, small intestines, and large intestine.

   * Mouth: Ingestion, mechanical, and initial chemical digestion.

   * Esophagus: Transports food to stomach via peristalsis.

   * Epiglottis: Prevents food from entering the trachea.

   * Stomach: Chemical digestion (proteins), storage, and mixing.

   * Small Intestine: Major site of nutrient absorption.

   * Large Intestine: Water absorption, waste compaction.

 * I can explain the function of the following digestive glands: salivary, liver / gallbladder, and pancreas.

   * Salivary: Produce saliva (amylase) for carbohydrate digestion.

   * Liver/Gallbladder: Liver produces bile; gallbladder stores and releases it for lipid digestion.

   * Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (neutralizes stomach acid).

 * I can explain how the structure of the small intestines relates to its function.

   * Villi and microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption.

   * Rich blood supply: Facilitates nutrient transport.

Circulatory System Objectives:

 * I can identify the organs and key functions of the circulatory system.

   * Organs: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.

   * Functions: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones; temperature regulation.

 * I can compare/contrast the structure and function of the three types of blood vessels.

   * Arteries: Thick walls, carry blood away from the heart (high pressure).

   * Veins: Thinner walls, carry blood to the heart (low pressure, valves).

   * Capillaries: Thin walls, site of gas and nutrient exchange.

 * I can describe the function of the lymphatic system.

   * Collects excess fluid (lymph), immune response, lipid absorption.

 * I can trace the path of blood flow through the circulatory system.

   * Deoxygenated blood: Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs.

   * Oxygenated blood: Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Body.

   * Body-> Vena Cava-> Right Atrium.

 * I can identify and describe the function of the main components that make up blood.

   * Red blood cells: Oxygen transport (hemoglobin).

   * White blood cells: Immune response.

   * Platelets: Blood clotting.

   * Plasma: Liquid matrix, transports nutrients, hormones, waste.

 * 1 can identify diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

   * Circulatory: Hypertension, heart attack, stroke.

   * Respiratory: Asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis.

Respiratory System Objectives:

 * I can list the organs of the respiratory system.

   * Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm.

 * I can describe the process of gas and nutrient exchange in the lungs and body tissues based on concentration gradients.

   * Lungs: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood, CO2 from blood to alveoli.

   * Tissues: Oxygen diffuses from blood to cells, CO2 from cells to blood.

   * These movements are from high concentration to low concentration.

 * I can explain negative pressure breathing and how it is regulated.

   * Diaphragm contraction creates negative pressure in the chest cavity, drawing air into the lungs.

   * Breathing is regulated by CO2 levels in the blood, which affect the breathing rate.

 * I can identify the parts of a rat's digestive, circulatory, excretory and respiratory system.

   * This will require a rat anatomy diagram. Focus on similarities to human systems.

   * Digestive: Esophagus, stomach, intestines.

   * Circulatory: Heart, major vessels.

   * Respiratory: Lungs, trachea.

   * Excretory: Kidneys.