Contemporary issues

• These are issues that are current, relevant, and often debated

• Issue 10 years before to the present day

1. Politcal issues - they are issues on the government

2. Economical issues - they are issues related to market, goods and resources

3. Social issues - they are issues related to the wellbeing of the society

4. Environmental issues- issues related to the environment

Examples of contemporary issues

1. Gender Inequality

Definition:

• Discrimination of the other gender

Characteristics:

• Injustice or unfair treatment towards another gender

Example:

• In some countries, women aren't allowed to go to school

Non-example:

• People below the poverty line are more likely to have difficulties on studying

2. Climate Change

Definition:

• A global problem that is happening because of global warming

Characteristics:

• Green house gases, melting of Glaciers, global warming, rise of sea level

Example:

• Flooding of cities due to the melting of glaciers

Non-example:

• Movement of tectonic plates cause the formation of earthquakes 

Levels of society

1. Locality

• Smallest unit of society like village, city, town or small community.

2. Nation-state

Nation- imagined community

State- A product of laws

Composed of 4 elements:

• Territory- This is where a certain people live

• People-They are the people who lives in the territory

• Government- This is the people who implements rules and law for the people and the territory

• Sovereignity-this is were the nation joins other nations

3. Regions

• This is the geographical division of continents

4. World

• This is includes the whole world, global scale

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Environmental Issues

Disasters

• They are beyond human control

• They are a natural phenomenon

• And it has already impacted a certain people place

• Sudden catastrophic event

Two types of disasters

1. Natural

• Catostrophic events that is beyond human contro

Ex:

• Typhoon yolanda

2. Man-Made

• They are disasters caused by human actions or neglect.

Ex:

• Second Sino-Japanese War

Hazards

• Create risk for disasters

Mitigation - Lessen effects of the hazard

Types of natural Hazards

Natural Hazards

• Hazards that happens through nature

Kinds of Natural Hazards

1. Hydrological - a hazard that has someting to do with waterforms

2. Climatological - a hazard that has something to do with temperature

3. Geophysical - a hazard that is usually found on landforms of the earth

4. Meteorogical - are hazards that are found above the earth

5. Biological - They have something to do with diseases

Man-Made/Technological Hazards

• Hazards that are caused by human activities and neglect

Socio-Natural Hazards

• They are natural hazards that worsen due to human activity

Climate change

• It is the long-term shifts of temperature or weather patterns.

• They are usually caused by human activities

Preparation for disasters

Disaster risk reduction

• Creates the policies and laws

Disaster risk management

• Implements and applies the law created

Socio -Economic Issues

Labor force - refers to people over 15 who contributes to the production of goods and services in a country

Employed- consists of persons in the labor force who are at work or a business.

Unemployed

• Persons who are part of the labor force but isnt working

Underemployed

• People who are working but has higher qualifications than what theyre are working on

Re- entrant

• Person who used to be on a full time job but took a break due to health or other reasons

New entrant

• Fresh from college who are ready to be employed

Types of Unemployment

1. Frictional Unemployment

• Refers to temporarily being jobless while transitioning from a job to another

2. Structural Unemployment

• A mismatch between the skills and qualification of workers

3. Cyclical Unemployment

• Unemployment the rises during economic downfalls

4. Classical Unemployment

• Occurs when wages are inflexible and does not respond to supply and demand