Anticholinergics:

•   Block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

•   Used to treat various conditions.

•   Side Effects: blurred vision, urinary retention, dry mouth, constipation, sedation

•   Examples: antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, oxybutynin, tolterodine, solifenacin, dicyclomine, atropine, scopolamine, benztropine.

  Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs):

•   Reduce stomach acid production.

•   Examples: pantoprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole.

•   Long-term use may reduce calcium absorption and promote osteoporosis.

•   Take 30 minutes before meals.

  Metoclopramide (Reglan):

•   Increases GI motility and promotes stomach emptying.

•   Used for delayed gastric emptying, GERD, and as an antiemetic.

•   Side effects: sedation, restlessness, headache, dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea.

•   Report dangerous side effects like EPS symptoms (movement dysfunction)

  Antacids:

•   Neutralize stomach acid.

•   Example: sucralfate (Carafate).

•   Administer before meals with water, at least 2 hours apart from other medications.

  Fiber:

•   Used to relieve constipation.

•   Examples: psyllium, bran. Antidiarrheal:

•   Example: loperamide (Imodium).

•   Do not use for more than 2 days or with fever. Monitor fluid and electrolyte levels.

Tuberculosis:

•   Hepatotoxic except for Ethambutol.

•   Rifampin causes red/orange body fluids, wear glasses, and use non-hormonal birth

  control.

•   Isoniazid can cause peripheral neuropathy; take vitamin B6.

•   Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide treat active TB; monitor for optic neuritis.

  Antiemetic:

•   Example: ondansetron (Zofran).

•   Monitor QT prolongation Antivirals:

•   Used to treat herpes..

•   Examples: acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir. Antipsychotics:

 Typical/1st generation: haloperidol, fluphenazine.  Neuro symptoms, EPS

 Atypical/2nd generation: clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine.  Metabolic symptoms

•   Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis. Monitor WBC and ANC, report fever or flu-like symptoms.

•   Ziprasidone- QT prolongation Antidepressants:

•   Monitor for worsening depression, behavior changes, and suicidal thoughts.

•   MAOIs: avoid tyramine-rich foods and allow a 2-week washout period before other

  antidepressants to avoid hypertensive crisis

•   TCA: Amitriptyline can cause cardiac toxicity.

•   SSRI: take 1-4 weeks to see full effects, watch for serotonin syndrome. Can see increased affect with St John Wort. Side effect: sexual dysfunction

  Stimulants:

•   Used for ADHD.

•   Examples: methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine

•   Side effects: insomnia, decreased appetite, weight loss, headache, irritability, restlessness, tachycardia.

•   Monitor growth and development. Desmopressin:

•   Used for bedwetting and DI.

•   Monitor for water intoxication/hyponatremia. Lithium:

•   Used for bipolar disorder.

•   Common side effects: dry mouth, constipation.

•   Monitor sodium levels and kidney function.

•   Therapeutic level: 0.6-1.2; risk factors for toxicity: DDDD (dehydration, diet low in sodium , decrease renal function, drug to drug interactions

•   Toxicity symptoms: GI, neuro, seizures, encephalopathy. Anticonvulsants:

•   Discontinue before ECT.

•   May cause CNS depression, suicidal ideation, and SJS.

•   Examples: carbamazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin, valproic acid, levetiracetam.

  Antitussive:

•   Used to suppress cough.

•   Examples: dextromethorphan Expectorants and Mucolytics:

•   Thins mucus in airways.

•   Examples: guaifenesin, acetylcysteine. Asthma Medications:

•   Bronchodilators for acute exacerbations.

•   Monitor for side effects, rinse mouth after corticosteroid inhalers.

•   Theophylline requires monitoring for toxicity.

  Bisphosphonates:

•   Prevent loss of bone density.

•   Take in the morning on an empty stomach, with water, and remain upright for 30 minutes.

•   Take calcium and vitamin D for strong bones.

  Alpha Adrenergic Blockers:

•   Used to treat BPH.

•   Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, syncope, ejaculatory dysfunction. Antifungals:

•   Used to treat fungal infections.

•   Examples: fluconazole, nystatin, terbinafine.

Antibiotics:

•   Used to treat bacterial infections.

•   Can negatively affect gut health.

•   Frequent liquid stool may indicate C. difficile infection.

•   Avoid alcohol

•   Prophylactic antibiotics for dental procedures in certain cardiac patients.

  Macrolides (Antibiotics):

•   Includes Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin.

•   Can cause prolonged QT interval and hepatotoxicity. Aminoglycosides (Antibiotics):

•   Monitor peak and trough levels.

•   Serious adverse reactions include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Cephalosporin (Antibiotics):

•   Includes Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) and Cephazolin.

•   Cross sensitivity to penicillin Quinolone (Antibiotics):

•   Includes Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin.

•   Risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture-black box warning. Tetracycline (Antibiotics):

•   Includes Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Minocycline.

•   Take on an empty stomach with a full glass of water.

•   Avoid antacids, dairy, or iron supplements.

•   Side effects include photosensitivity and decreased oral contraceptive effectiveness.

  Penicillin (Antibiotics):

 Includes Amoxicillin and Ampicillin. Smoking Cessation Drugs:

•   Nicotine replacement therapy.

•   Varenicline (Chantix), Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban). Alcohol Cessation Drug:

•   Disulfiram (Antabuse) causes unpleasant reactions when alcohol is consumed.

•   Avoid hidden sources of alcohol.

•   Wear a bracelet to alert others.

Magnesium Sulfate:

•   Used for seizures, preeclampsia, hypomagnesemia, torsades de pointes.

•   Monitor for toxicity symptoms. Blood Pressure Medications:

•   Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc.

•   ACE Inhibitors: Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril.- watch for hyperkalemia and

  angioedema

•   Beta Blockers (BB): Metoprolol, Atenolol, Carvedilol, Propranolol.

•   A2RB: Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker: Losartan, Valsartan

  Muscle Relaxants:

 Baclofen, Cyclobenzaprine, Succinylcholine, Carisoprodol, Methocarbamol. Diabetic Medications:

•   Metformin as 1st line for type 2 diabetes.

•   Thiazolidinediones, Sulfonylureas, Glucagon, Insulin, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

  agonists.

  Antithyroid Medications:

•   Propylthiouracil, Methimazole for hyperthyroidism.

•   Radioactive iodine for thyroid storm.

•   Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism.

  Anti-Anxiety Medications:

 Benzodiazepines (Alprazolam, Lorazepam), sedatives. Opioids (Pain Relievers):

•   Various opioids with different effects.

•   Watch for respiratory depression.

•   Naloxone for opioid overdose.

  NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs):

•   Commonly used for pain, inflammation, and fever.

•   Can cause GI issues and bleeding. Neuropathic Pain Relievers:

 Pregabalin and Gabapentin. Corticosteroids:

•   Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone, Prednisone, Methylprednisolone, etc.

•   Suppress inflammation, immune system, and increases blood sugar

•   Need for gradual discontinuation.

•   Side effects include Cushing's syndrome and increased risk of infection. Antineoplastic/Anticancer Drugs:

•   Various drugs used in cancer treatment.

•   Monitor WBC levels and follow-up closely. Diuretics:

•   Loop, Potassium-Sparing, Thiazide, Osmotic diuretics.

•   Monitor electrolytes and kidney function.

•   Hypokalemia risk with most diuretics.

  H1 Receptor Blockers (Antihistamines):

•   Inhibit the effects of histamine and used as antihistamines.

•   Examples: Fexofenadine, cetirizine, levocetirizine, loratadine, diphenhydramine,

  promethazine.

•   Used for allergic reactions to reduce the inflammatory response.

  Anesthetics:

•   Used for anesthesia and sedation.

•   Epidural anesthesia contraindicated in uncontrolled hypertension, coagulopathies, and

  epidural site infection.

  Tocolytics:

•   Used to suppress premature labor.

•   Examples: Terbutaline, magnesium sulfate, indomethacin, nifedipine.

•   Prolong pregnancy by 2-7 days to allow lung maturation with steroids.

  Uterotonic Drugs:

•   Given to increase labor contractions.

•   Examples: Oxytocin, carboprost, misoprostol, methylergonovine.

•   Used for inducing labor or controlling postpartum bleeding.

  Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (PDE5 Inhibitors):

•   Promote vasodilation and relax smooth muscles.

•   Examples: Tadalafil, sildenafil, vardenafil (used for erectile dysfunction).

•   Side effects include hypotension and potential for prolonged erection.

  Anticoagulants:

•   Used to prevent blood clots.

•   Examples: Warfarin, heparin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban.

•   Monitor clotting times (PT, PTT, INR) for dosage adjustments.

•   Bleeding precautions, watch for signs of bleeding, and avoid herbs and NSAIDs. Thrombolytics:

•   Used to treat active blood clots.

•   Examples: Alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase.

•   Contraindicated in active bleeding, recent trauma, or hemorrhagic conditions.

  Statins:

•   Used to lower cholesterol levels.

•   Example: Rosuvastatin (Crestor).

•   Monitor for muscle-related side effects and liver function.