1. Accidents (unintentional injuries) - the leading cause of death in young children

2. BMI (Body Mass Index) - commonly used to determine if a child is overweight, obese,

or at risk of being overweight

3. 11-13 hours - hours of sleep that young children must get each night for healthy

development

4. Authoritative parenting- A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to

be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal

give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

5. Quality of parental relationship - factor that is most associated with better child

adjustment after divorce

6. Egocentrism- the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone

else's

7. Symbolic function stage- under Piaget’s cognitive theory; states the children start to

use scribble designs to represent people, houses, cars, clouds, and so on.

8. Inhibition- the ability to control impulses and resist distractions

9. Initiative vs. Guilt - stage of Erik Erikson’s eight developmental stages where the

children on their own initiative move out into a wider social world, and it might bring also

the feelings of guilt which leads to lower self-esteem

10. Emotion-Based Prevention program (EBP)- This program consists of a

teacher-conducted emotions course in the classroom, emotion tutoring and coaching

teacher dialogues, and weekly parent messages that reinforce the lessons taught in the

classroom

11. Social interaction - central concept of Vygotsky's theory regarding cognitive

development

12. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).- The gap between what a learner can do with

and without help

13. Scaffolding - The temporary support given to a learner to help them achieve a task

14. Constructive Play - type of play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated

creation of a product or a solution.

15. In the context of screen time, the parents should monitor and limit their own screen time

to encourage similar behavior in children

16. Fast mapping- Quickly forming a connection between a word and its meaning after

limited exposure

17. Pragmatics- The appropriate use of language in different contexts

18. Gender identity - A sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding,

and acceptance of being male or female

19. Moral development- Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions

in social interactions

20. Curriculum debate and Universal preschool education- two issues highlighted in the

report as controversies in early childhood education

21. 1965, Project Head Start - was launched to help children from low-income families in

the U.S. who started school behind their peers due to a lack of early education.

22. Developmentally Appropriate Practice- In a nursery, the teacher, Daenerys, asked her

students, "Would you like to draw a magical dragon or build a dragon with Legos?" Both

options are age-appropriate and engaging, allowing the children to choose their activity.

Drawing a magical dragon sparks their imagination, while building with Legos promotes

creativity and fine motor skills.