NHP Infectious diseases

1.     What are the clinical signs of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

a.      Ataxia, muscle tremors, head pressing

2.     What is the most common cause of meningitis in NHPs?

a.      Streptococcus pneumoniae

3.     What is the pathogen that is often found as part of the normal flora in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts of many nonhuman primates. Pathogenic strains associated with the upper respiratory tract are usually heavily encapsulated?

a.      Klebsiella pneumoniae

4.     Which pathogen uses fimbriae and capsules as virulence factors?

a.      Many pathogenic strains possess fimbriae, which act as adhesins and a virulence factor that permits colonization of mucosal surfaces. The capsule also serves as a virulence factor by inhibiting phagocytosis. More virulent strains of K. pneumoniae with a hypermucoviscosity phenotype have been associated with severe disease in both human beings and nonhuman primates.

5.     Clinical signs of Klebsiella in NHPs?

a.      K. pneumoniae infection can result in pneumonia, meningitis, air sacculitis, septicemia, peritonitis, and enteritis in New and Old World primate species, and in apes. New World monkeys in particular may die from septicemia or peritonitis with no clinical signs. Young animals are more likely affected.

6.     Which bacterial pathogen is a primary cause of respiratory death in chimps?

a.      Klebsiella pneumonia

7.     Most common pathology seen in callitrichids, marmosets and Owl monkeys with Klebsiella?

a.      Fibrinous lobar pneumonia, purulent peritonitis, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy are the primary lesions reported in callitrichids infected with K. pneumoniae

b.     Enteritis and hepatomegaly were reported in a colony of common marmosets

c.      Purulent meningitis, consolidative pneumonia, intestinal hemorrhages, peritonitis, and air sacculitis occur in owl monkeys.

8.     Is antemortem diagnosis possible with Klebsiella?

a.      Not typically because of the acute course of disease.

9.     Is there a vaccine in NHPs for Klebsiella?

a.      Vaccination utilizing autogenous bacterins has been effective in preventing infection and disease in marmosets, and owl and squirrel monkeys

10.  What are common predisposing factors for Bordetella bronchisepticum infection in NHPs?

a.      Bordetella bronchiseptica is carried as a commensal organism within the nasopharynx of many monkeys. Historically, disease has been associated with recent shipping, quarantine, poor condition, and overcrowding

11.  Common clinical signs of Bordetella in NHPs?

a.      Clinical signs in affected common marmosets included bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea during handling, and pyrexia. Marmosets usually remained bright and alert and in good body condition. Death occurred in marmosets less than 1 year of age, but adults survived.