H A&P : Everything You Need To Know for Exam 1
Anatomical position - the body standing tall and erect, facing forward, palms by your side, facing up, and feet hip width apart
Planes of the body: (dividing the body)
Transverse - top to bottom
Frontal - front to back
Sagittal - left to right
Midsagittal - separates equally left and right
Parasagittal - separates off the midline
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Quadrants of the abdominopelvic sections:
Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower and middle sections
Right hypochondriac - right upper
Left hypochondriac - left upper
Top middle - epigastric (around)
Right middle - right lumbar
Left middle - left lumbar
Middle - umbilical region
Right lower - right inguinal
Middle bottom - hypogastric
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and serous membranes:
Organ - Viscera
Cavity - parietal
Serous membrane that covers the lung - Visceral Pleura
Serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity - Parietal Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the heart - Visceral Pericardium
Serous membrane that lines the heart cavity - Parietal Pericardium
Serous membrane that covers the digestive organs - Visceral Peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines digestive cavity - Parietal Peritoneum
Retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum (kidneys)
Homeostasis : (balance of the body)
Receptor - receive information from the body, sends to control center
Control center - process the signals, sends instructions (brain)
Effector - puts the message from the brain into effect, response
Sections of long bone:
Shaft - diaphysis
Ends of the bone - epiphysis
Coverings of the bone - periosteum
In the diaphysis - medullary cavity, contains blood vessels
Inside lining of the medullary cavity - endosteum
Section where diaphysis and epiphysis- - metaphysis
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Define:
Sinus - a chamber within the bone filled with air
Tuberosity - bump
Foramen - an opening
Condyle -
Fossa -
Types of bones and
Sesamoid - patella
Irregular - vertebrae
Long bone - phalanges
Sutural - bone in skull
Flat - sternum
Bone cells:
Osteogenic cell - bone stem cell
Osteoblasts - build
Osteoclasts - carve
Osteocytes - mature bone cell
Structure of an osteon:
Structural unit of a bone - osteon
Osteon has a central canal which contains - blood vessels
Circles around osteon - lamellae
Spaces/pockets within the cell - lacunae
Inside the lacunae - osteocyte
Osteocyte is a … mature bone cell
Ossification - to make bone
Endochondral ossification - from within the cartilage, we create bone
Cartilage - does not have blood vessels
Blood vessels penetrate the - cartilage
Primary ossification center - where the creation of bone starts happening
Secondary ossification center - bringing it towards the end of the bones
Epiphyseal plate - room for the bone to grow
Epiphyseal line - bone stopped growing, no room for bone to grow
Remodeling - continual process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity
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Bone repair:
When you break a bone … you also break blood vessels
Blood vessels will clot immediately, add fluid to protect from infection (fractural hematoma)
Extra padding of bone around the fracture site - external callus
External callus - prevents bone from breaking in the same place again
Consequence of deficient calcium