PHYSIO CELL THEORY

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells

2. LUCA is an abbreviation for last universal common ancestor

3. Cells from different species have many features in common (T/F)

4. The activities of cell determines the activities of the whole organism (T/F)

5. The nucleus of the cell represents the simplest functional unit of life (T/F)
   

Parts of a Cell

1. The three main regions of a cell are 

   1. Plasma membrane which forms the border of the cell

   2. Nucleus which contains the chromosomes

   3. Cytoplasm which contains the organelles

The cell membrane

1. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids

   1. Lipids

      1. Phospholipids form the bilayer of the cell membrane

      2. Cholesterol provides for membrane flexibility

      3. Glycolipids act as markers on the cell surface

   2. Proteins

      1. Integral proteins act as channels across the cell membrane

      2. Peripheral proteins are attached to one side of the cell membrane

      3. Peripheral proteins functions as part of second messenger systems

      4. Integral proteins span the width of the cell membrane
         

Cytoplasmic Organelles

1. Ribosomes translates mRNA into proteins

2. Golgi apparatus packages molecules for various destinations

3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids

4. Smooth ER stores calcium in muscle cells

5. Rough ER detoxify harmful chemical

6. Mitochondrion participate in protein folding and modification

7. Mitochondrion site of aerobic respiration

8. Mitochondrion produces ATP

9. Lysosome contains enzymes to destroys pathogens in the cell

10. Peroxisome contain enzymes that are involved multiple chemical reaction pathways such as the conversion of unstable molecules to less harmful endproducts
    

Nucleus

1. The nucleus contains

   1. Chromosomes which are form by DNA and specialized proteins called histones

   2. Nucleolus which makes ribosomes

2. The nuclear pore allows for the movement of 

   1. RNA and ribosomes, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

   2. Nucleotides, proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
      

Membrane Transport

1. Passive and Active Transport

   1. Passive transport do not require ATP

   2. Active transport requires ATP

   3. Passive transport occurs down the concentration gradient

   4. Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient

2. Membrane permeability

   1. Lipophilic substances can cross the membrane freely

   2. Charged substances require channels in order to cross

   3. Water crosses the membrane through specialized channels called aquaporins

      1. Water may cross the cell membrane freely (T/F)
         

3. Diffusion

   1. Diffusion is the (random/directed) movement of particles from an area of (higher/lower) concentration to an area of (higher/lower) concentration

   2. Diffusion is an example of (active/passive) transport

   3. Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

      1. The rate of diffusion increases as 

         1. Temperature decreases (T/F)

         2. Size of the molecule decrease (T/F)

         3. Surface area of membrane decrease (T/F)

         4. As the difference in concentration across the membrane increases (T/F)

   4. Sodium has a higher concentration outside the cell than in the cell.  If allowed, sodium will (diffuse into/out of) the cell
      

4. Osmosis

   1. Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from an (higher/lower) solute to an area of (higher/lower) solute

   2. Osmoles and Osmolarity

      1. The total amount of dissolved moles is called osmoles

      2. The total amount of dissolved moles in one liter of solution is called the osmolarity

         1. Ionic compounds (separate/stay together) in solution 

         2. Covalent compounds (separate/stay together) in solution

         3. 100 moles of glucose will form 100 osmoles of glucose

         4. 100 moles of HCl will form 100 osmoles of H+ and 100 osmoles of Cl-

      3. Osmolarity Examples

         1. The osmolarity of a solution contain 50 M glucose and 20 M HCl is 90 osm/L

         2. The osmolarity of a solution containing 10 M fructose, 20 M sucrose, 40 M lactose is 70 osm/L

         3. The osmolarity of solution containing 100 M MgCl₂ and 100 M NaCl is 500 osm/L

   3. During osmosis, water moves from an area of higher/lower osmolarity to an area of higher/lower osmolarity

      1. If solution A contains 10 M NaCl and 20 M HCl and solution B contains 50 M glucose, water will move from solution B to solution A.

5. Osmotic Solutions

   1. The normal osmolarity of all body fluids is 0.300 osm/L

   2. Hypo-osmotic solutions have osmolarity values that are greater/lesser than 300 mOSM/L

   3. Hyper-osmotic solutions have osmolarity values that are greater/lesser than 300 mOSM/L

   4. An iso-osmotic solution has an osmolarity of 300 mOSML/L

6. Tonicity

   1. A cell that is placed in an isotonic solution will lose and gain water equally

   2. A cell that is placed in a hypotonic will gain water

   3. A cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water

   4. Cells crenate when placed in hypertonic solutions

   5. Cells lyse when placed in hypotonic solutions
      

Carrier-Mediated Transport

1. Carriers are integral proteins

2. Each carrier can only transport one or a select group of solutes; this property is called selectivity.

3. Carriers reach a maximum rate of transport when they are saturated

4. Uniport carry one solute across the membrane

5. Antiport carry two solutes in opposite direction across the membrane

6. Symport carry two solutes in the same direction across the membrane
   

7. Facilated diffusion 

   1. Carry solutes across the membrane from (high/low) to (high/low) concentration

   2. Is active/passive
      

8. Primary active transport

   1. Converts ATP  ADP + Pi

   2. Carry solutes across the membrane from (high/low) to (high/low) concentration
      

9. Secondary active transport

   1. Relies on a primary active transport to (create/dissipate) the concentration gradient for solute 1

   2. Diffusion of solute 1 provides energy that is used to move solute 2 (down/against) its concentration gradient
      

Vesicular Transport

1. Endocytosis carriers bulk material into the cell

2. Exocytosis carrier bulk material out of the cell

3. Three types of endocytosis are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis.

4. Phagocytosis is used to move solids into the cell 

5. Pinocytosis is used to move fluids into the cell

6. Receptor mediated endocytosis uses receptor to first bind the solute before they are moved (into/out of) the cell

7. Pinocytosis is called cell drinking

8. Phagocytosis is called cell eating

9. During exocytosis, the membrane of the vesicle merge with the cell membrane

10. During endocytosis, the vesicle is created from the cell membrane