Exam 2 Review

What are some methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens? Contact with skin, bite or scratch of an animal

Chapter 5: Zoonotic & Vector-Borne Disease

Terminology

•  Infectious Disease: illness resulting from the presence of a pathogen agent requires agent, host, and environment

• Zoonosis: An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrae animals to humans

• Vector: an insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individuals or its waste to a susceptible individual or its food/immediate surroundings

• Zoonotic Disease: Pathogen transmitted directly from animal to human (rabies via bite from a dog)

•  Vector-borne Disease: pathogen transmitted indirectly from animal to human via a vector (malaria via mosquito)

Concepts to list/explain:

• Advances in controlling infectious diseases: Medical: immunizations, antibiotics, declines in mortality and Public Health Advances: environmental sanitation, disinfection of drinking water, advancements in food storage, epidemiological surveillance  

• Types of vectors: Biological and Mechanical: passively transmit pathogens stored externally on their body or appendages

• Emerging and Reemerging: Include conditions that may have been unrecognized as well as those reappearing after a decline in incidence, for example emerging zoonoses, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases significant concern

• One Health: tackles shared health threats by looking at all angles human, animal, plant, and environmental

•  The Battle to Beat Malaria Documentary: young children are the most affected from malaria, millions of people are dying from this disease, they worked for years to find a vaccine, they finally came up with a vaccine, they included personal stories of malaria affecting people’s lives, goal was 75% efficacy

Chapter 9: Water Quality

Terminology

• Water Quality: freedom from waterborne diseases and hazards

• Water Supply: adequate amount/availability of water

• Source Water: untreated water (raw water) used to produce drinking water

• Finished Water: water (e.g., drinking water) delivered through a distribution system for human use after treatment (if any provided)

• Surface Water: from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, etc.

• Groundwater: naturally stored in underground aquifers

• Aquifer: Groundwater, A layer or section of earth that contains water, Water stored naturally underground, Supply springs and wells

• Renewable Water: is freshwater that is continuously replenished by the hydrological cycle for withdrawal within reasonable time limits

• Nonrenewable Water: is water in aquifers and other natural reservoirs that is not recharged by the hydrological cycle or is recharged so slowly that significant withdrawal for human use causes depletion

• Water Stress: A country faces water stress when its annual supply of renewable freshwater is between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person

• Water Scarcity: occurs when a country’s annual supply of renewable freshwater is less than 1,000 cubic meters per person

• Watershed: an area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean

• Waterborne diseases: conditions that are transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water and water acts as the passive carrier of the infectious agent

Concepts to list/explain:

·      Clean Water Act: Regulates pollutant discharges into the waters, Water quality regulations in the United States designed to protect the public from contaminated drinking water

• Safe Drinking Water Act: Authorizes EPA to establish minimum standards to protect tap water, Water quality regulations in the United States designed to protect the public from contaminated drinking water

• Impacts of Stormwater Runoff: is generated when precipitation from rain and snowmelt events flows over land or impervious surfaces (paved streets, parking lots, and building rooftops) and does not percolate into the ground; Potential for pollutants from these sources to runoff into water supplies

• Identify the five stages of water treatment: coagulation: Removal of dirt and other particles suspended in water, Aluminum sulfate and other chemicals added to water to form tiny, sticky particles called “floc” which attract dirt particles, sedimentation: Heavy particles settle to bottom of sedimentation tank and the clear water moves to filtration, filtration: Water passes through filters made of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove smaller particles, disinfection: Small amount of chlorine added to kill any bacteria or microorganisms in the water, storage: Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir and flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community

• Drinking Water Contaminants: Natural Pollutants: Microorganisms that live in water, Waste produced by fish, aquatic animals, and wildlife, Rock and soil formation may contribute heavy metals or radionuclides and Man-Made Pollutants: Chemicals from runoff (e.g. fertilizers), Leaks from underground tanks (e.g. petroleum), Illegal dumping

• Green Warriors: The World’s Most Polluted River: river serves an open rubbish bin, there are no more fish because its too polluted, the fisherman now collect bottles, they suffer mainly from chemical pollution, morning water is clean but the water color changes sometimes black or red, textitle companies are dumping their sewage into the river, they dump waters of different colors depending on the dyes they use and the type of clothing they have to make

• Articles Focusing on Clean Water Act

Chapter 12: Solid and Liquid Waste

Terminology

• Waste: negative value to society, “leftover” after the process of consumption

• Waste Management: the process of transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of waste

• Pollution: is intro into the natural environment by humans of substances, materials, or energy that cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structures and amenities or that interfere with legitimate uses of the environment

• Brown Fields: abandoned, environmentally contaminated industrial or commercial sites

Concepts to list/explain/identify:

• Current Issues: Waste Disposal: Rapid depletion of US dump sites, Growing output of solid wastes in the 21st century, less developed countries are introducing liquid wastes directly into waterways and oceans without adequate processing, Impacting drinking water and aquatic environments

• Four Main Dimensions of Municipal Solid Waste Management: an industrial enterprise consisting for four main dimensions Recycling, Landfilling, Composting, Combustion

• Hierarchy of Waste Management: source reduction and reuse, recycling/composting, energy recovery, treatment and disposal

• Hazardous Waste Characteristics and Disposal Methods: ignitability: can create fires, corrosivity: acids or bases are capable of corroding metal containers, reactivity: can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water, toxicity: harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed

·      Articles on Landfills