0.0(0)

Generate Practice test

Chat with Kai

undefined Flashcards

0 Cards0.0(0)

Attitude Formation & Attitude Change

Define attitude: a belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.

Elaboration Likelihood Model: dual process theory describing the change of attitudes.


Central Route of Persuasion	Peripheral Route of Persuasion
Involves being persuaded by the arguments or the content of the message.	Involves being persuaded in a manner that is NOT based on the arguments or the message content ( only superficial things).

Leon Festinger Cognitive Dissonance: we do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when attitudes do not match our actions. Example: people want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors… when they are not consistent with each other they experience dissonance ( unpleasant tension)

Conformity, Compliance, & Obedience

	Social Influences
Normative Social Influence	Informational Social Influence
When we conform to others because we want them to like and accept us.	When we conform to others because we believe they have accurate information.

Asch’s Conformity Study
Outlining what conformity is.

	Obedience to Authority
The Stanford Prison Experiment	The Milgram Experiment
Purpose: To show how people can easily lose control over who they are and how role playing can influence violence in somebody. Results: how quickly people can abuse power	Purpose:How far a person was willing to go in the presence of authority.Results: ordinary people can do shocking things. Cannot be replicated.

Define Compliance: agreeing to do something

Reciprocity	Commitment
Door in the Face: the tendency for people who say no to a huge request, to comply with a smaller one.	That’s Not All: adding something to the original offer which is likely to create some pressure to reciprocate.
Foot in the Door: the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.	Low-Ball: you make a very attractive offer, and then change it after somebody accepts the offer to something less favorable.

Group Influences on Behavior & Mental Processes

Define social groups: two or more humans who interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity

Define norms: the accepted standards of behavior of social groups

	Theories of Group Influence
Theory	Description
Social Facilitation	Social Facilitation: performing better because of the real or imagined presence of people. Social inhibition: If you are really good at something…or it is an easy task…you will perform BETTER in front of a group. If it is a difficult task or you are not very good at it…you will perform WORSE in front of a group (social inhibition).
Social Loafing	Social Loafing (individualistic cultures): is taking less responsibility when something is in a group.Social thriving (collectivist cultures):
Deindividuation	acting impulsively and deviantly without revealing your identity. Get swept up in a large group setting.
Group Polarization	Group polarization: Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. The more you are around people who think like you … the stronger your beliefs get. Group think: Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group.
Social Trap	Social trap:when you do something that only benefits you but then it comes back to you.
Reciprocity Norm	the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return.
Bystander Effect	Bystander effect: the more people present during an emergency the less likely somebody will take actionDiffusion of responsibility: They figure that someone else will do something.

Bias, Prejudice & Discrimination

In-Groups	Out-Groups
“Us” - people with whom one shares a common identity.	“Them” - those perceived as different from one’s ingroup.Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own group.

Term	Definition
Prejudice	Undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people. Ethnocentrism is an example of a prejudice
Discrimination	An action based on prejudice (Individual vs. Institutional).
Stereotypes	Overgeneralized idea about a group of people.

	Concepts that Explain Causes of Conflict
Concept	Description
Scapegoat Theory	The theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
Ethnocentrism	The belief that your culture is natural and correct while other people’s culture is incorrect, unnatural, or inferior.
Out-Group Homogeneity	The outgroup homogeneity effect is a cognitive bias in which people mistakenly perceive outgroup members as being a homogeneous group.

Increasing CooperationHow do the following concepts lead to an increase in cooperation?
Concept	Explanation
Contact Theory	Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal (common shared goal)
Superordinate Goal	Common shared goal
Interpersonal Attraction
Mere-Exposure Effect	People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
False Consensus Effect	causes people to “see their own behavioral choices and judgments as relatively common and appropriate to existing circumstances”
Attraction	Similarity: the widespread tendency of people to be attracted to others who are similar to themselves in important respects.Evolutionary Perspective: The evolutionary theory of human interpersonal attraction states that opposite-sex attraction most often occurs when someone has physical features indicating that he or she is very fertile.Symmetry: Facial symmetry has been found to increase ratings of attractiveness in human faces

Altruism & Aggression

Altruism	Aggression
Define:Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Example: giving your lunch away to somebody who is hungry	Define: Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. Instrumental aggression: the intent is to cause harm, goals is to achieve some external award, no anger involved, performed within rules of the game Hostile aggression: the intent is to cause harm, goal is to cause suffering, anger is usually involved, perform outside the rules of the gameExample: hitting somebody so that they give you their lunch *Frustration-Aggression Principle:*the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal Creates anger which generates aggression.

Altruism

Aggression

Define:Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Example: giving your lunch away to somebody who is hungry

Define: Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
Instrumental aggression: the intent is to cause harm, goals is to achieve some external award, no anger involved, performed within rules of the game Hostile aggression: the intent is to cause harm, goal is to cause suffering, anger is usually involved, perform outside the rules of the gameExample: hitting somebody so that they give you their lunch
***Frustration-Aggression Principle:***the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal Creates anger which generates aggression.

AP PSYCH UNIT 9

Define social cognition: concerns the various psychological processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of a social group.

**** antidepressants: depression caused by low serotonin, SSRIs-prevent the reuptake of serotonin**

**Antipsychotics- levels of serotonin are too high, block dopamine receptors in the brain

	Evaluating Behavior
Theory	Description
Fundamental Attribution Error	Underestimating a situation but overestimating a person. Others fail based on characterWhen we fail - situational
Actor-Observer Bias	making excuses for what we do wrong, but judging other people when they make a mistake.
Blaming the Victim	Assuming that something bad happened because of something the victim did.
Just-World Hypothesis	If something bad happens to us, then we must deserve it.People get what they deserve
Self-Serving Bias	Taking credit for the good things but not the bad ones.
Halo Effect	Positive impressions- overall positive

Define self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): thinking that something must be true because we believe it.