Course Information: NUR 112, Spring 2025
Textbook: Hinkle and Cheever, Chapter 5
Describe the significance of:
Internal constancy
Homeostasis
Stress and adaptation in maintaining the body's steady state.
Understand the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and its relevance to stress responses:
Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary
Hypothalamic-pituitary responses
Identify maladaptive stress responses that increase illness risk and disease.
Compare adaptive processes:
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Assess health patterns in individuals/families and strategies for stress reduction.
Constancy
Homeostasis
Stress
Adaptation
Homeostasis: Steady state within the body.
Changes trigger responses to maintain homeostasis.
Involves compensatory mechanisms for balance.
Stress: State caused by environmental changes threatening equilibrium.
Adaptation: Adjusting to change to restore equilibrium.
Coping: Physiological and psychological compensatory processes.
Upset equilibrium.
Defined as internal or external events/situations that lead to:
Physiological, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral changes.
Physical Stressors: Cold, heat, chemical agents.
Physiological Stressors: Pain, fatigue.
Psychosocial Stressors: Fear.
Three Phases:
Alarm Phase: Defensive and anti-inflammatory response.
Resistance Phase: Adaptation to noxious stressors.
Exhaustion Phase: Occurs with prolonged stressors.
Inflammatory response and repair process.
Hypothalamus: Central for stress response.
Cerebral Hemispheres: Cognitive functions.
Limbic System: Emotional responses and initial sympathetic response.
Rapid, short-lived reaction:
Norepinephrine release
Peripheral vasoconstriction → ↑ Blood pressure, ↑ Heart rate
Increased respiration rate
Increased blood glucose
Dilated pupils
Heightened mental awareness.
Purpose and Mechanism:
Increased cardiac output
Increased energy availability
More perfusion to vital organs
Higher mental acuity and alertness
Increased blood flow to brain and muscles
Increased ventilation and muscle tension
Prevention of hemorrhage.
Long-lasting response during persistent stress.
Cortisol metabolic effects provide energy.
Implications for diabetics requiring more insulin.
Hormonal interactions:
Hypothalamus → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol) → ADH, Gluconeogenesis, Aldosterone.
Maladaptive Responses:
Chronic stress responses impede adaptation.
Faulty appraisals and inappropriate coping can lead to diseases like hypertension, cancer, etc.
Monitors internal environment, restores homeostasis by sensing deviations and triggering responses.
Major organs involved: Heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, GI tract, skin.
Types:
Atrophy: Reduction in size due to disease, inactivity, etc.
Hypertrophy: Increase in muscle mass, typically in cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Hyperplasia: Increase in new cell numbers, often hormonally induced.
Metaplasia: Replacement of one cell type by another.
Dysplasia: Abnormal growth that signals potential malignancy.
Various causes lead to loss of steady state:
Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen supply (ischemia).
Nutritional Imbalance: Deficiency or excess of nutrients.
Physical Agents: Burns, mechanical trauma, radiation.
Chemical Agents: Toxins like mercury, arsenic.
Infectious Agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi.
Genetic Disorders and Immune Mechanisms.
Local reaction to neutralize harmful agents:
Sequence: Vasodilation, increased permeability, leukocyte infiltration.
Cardinal Signs: Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function.
Acute: Lasts < 2 weeks, immediate protective response.
Chronic: Lasts for months/years, debilitating effects.
Begins simultaneously with injury:
Healing by regeneration or replacement:
Regeneration: Same type of cells replace damaged ones.
Replacement: Different cells fill defect (scar tissue).
Early identification and assessment of stressors.
Vital signs evaluation, emotional distress assessment, cognitive function checks, and diagnostic studies.
Promoting healthy lifestyles.
Enhancing coping strategies and education on stress management.
Fostering family health and social support.
Recommending therapy/support groups.
Stress and Inflammatory Responses
Course Information: NUR 112, Spring 2025
Textbook: Hinkle and Cheever, Chapter 5
Describe the significance of:
Internal constancy
Homeostasis
Stress and adaptation in maintaining the body's steady state.
Understand the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and its relevance to stress responses:
Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary
Hypothalamic-pituitary responses
Identify maladaptive stress responses that increase illness risk and disease.
Compare adaptive processes:
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Assess health patterns in individuals/families and strategies for stress reduction.
Constancy
Homeostasis
Stress
Adaptation
Homeostasis: Steady state within the body.
Changes trigger responses to maintain homeostasis.
Involves compensatory mechanisms for balance.
Stress: State caused by environmental changes threatening equilibrium.
Adaptation: Adjusting to change to restore equilibrium.
Coping: Physiological and psychological compensatory processes.
Upset equilibrium.
Defined as internal or external events/situations that lead to:
Physiological, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral changes.
Physical Stressors: Cold, heat, chemical agents.
Physiological Stressors: Pain, fatigue.
Psychosocial Stressors: Fear.
Three Phases:
Alarm Phase: Defensive and anti-inflammatory response.
Resistance Phase: Adaptation to noxious stressors.
Exhaustion Phase: Occurs with prolonged stressors.
Inflammatory response and repair process.
Hypothalamus: Central for stress response.
Cerebral Hemispheres: Cognitive functions.
Limbic System: Emotional responses and initial sympathetic response.
Rapid, short-lived reaction:
Norepinephrine release
Peripheral vasoconstriction → ↑ Blood pressure, ↑ Heart rate
Increased respiration rate
Increased blood glucose
Dilated pupils
Heightened mental awareness.
Purpose and Mechanism:
Increased cardiac output
Increased energy availability
More perfusion to vital organs
Higher mental acuity and alertness
Increased blood flow to brain and muscles
Increased ventilation and muscle tension
Prevention of hemorrhage.
Long-lasting response during persistent stress.
Cortisol metabolic effects provide energy.
Implications for diabetics requiring more insulin.
Hormonal interactions:
Hypothalamus → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol) → ADH, Gluconeogenesis, Aldosterone.
Maladaptive Responses:
Chronic stress responses impede adaptation.
Faulty appraisals and inappropriate coping can lead to diseases like hypertension, cancer, etc.
Monitors internal environment, restores homeostasis by sensing deviations and triggering responses.
Major organs involved: Heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, GI tract, skin.
Types:
Atrophy: Reduction in size due to disease, inactivity, etc.
Hypertrophy: Increase in muscle mass, typically in cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Hyperplasia: Increase in new cell numbers, often hormonally induced.
Metaplasia: Replacement of one cell type by another.
Dysplasia: Abnormal growth that signals potential malignancy.
Various causes lead to loss of steady state:
Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen supply (ischemia).
Nutritional Imbalance: Deficiency or excess of nutrients.
Physical Agents: Burns, mechanical trauma, radiation.
Chemical Agents: Toxins like mercury, arsenic.
Infectious Agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi.
Genetic Disorders and Immune Mechanisms.
Local reaction to neutralize harmful agents:
Sequence: Vasodilation, increased permeability, leukocyte infiltration.
Cardinal Signs: Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function.
Acute: Lasts < 2 weeks, immediate protective response.
Chronic: Lasts for months/years, debilitating effects.
Begins simultaneously with injury:
Healing by regeneration or replacement:
Regeneration: Same type of cells replace damaged ones.
Replacement: Different cells fill defect (scar tissue).
Early identification and assessment of stressors.
Vital signs evaluation, emotional distress assessment, cognitive function checks, and diagnostic studies.
Promoting healthy lifestyles.
Enhancing coping strategies and education on stress management.
Fostering family health and social support.
Recommending therapy/support groups.