Industrialization Study Guide

Inventors and Inventions

• New inventions led to the rise of Big Business and shaped the modern world.

Inventors

• George Westinghouse

• Henry Ford

  • Assembly line/Model T

• Wright Brothers

  • Airplane

• Alexander Bell

  • Telephone

• Cyrus Field

  • Transatlantic telegraph cable

• Thomas Edison

  • "Wizard of Menlo Park"

  • lightbulb, phonograph, etc.

African American Inventors

• Lewis Latimer

  • Better wire for the lightbulb

• Granville Woods

  • Better brakes for railroads

• Elijah McCoy

  • Device for oiling machines

• Jan Matzeliger

  • Shoe-making machine

The Railroads

• Railroads were important for big businesses to ship their products.

• Railroads changed how people lived.

  • People moved to populate the West.

  • Trains brought people from rural areas to the cities.

• Caused increase in steel, lumber, & coal industries

• Standard Gauge: All railroad tracks had to be the same size, uniting Northern and Southern rail lines.

• Railroads used unfair business practices:

  • Pools: Fixed prices to eliminate competition

  • Rebates: Discounts offered to big businesses, not small ones

  • Consolidation: Large corporations bought smaller companies to create monopolies & eliminate competition.

The RailRoad Barons

• Also Known As: Monopolists, Big Business Owners, Captains of Industry

• J.P. Morgan

  • Monopoly in banking industry

  • Bought Carnegie's Steel Co.

• Andrew Carnegie

  • Owned Carnegie Steel

  • Monopoly in the Steel industry based in Pittsburgh

  • Used Vertical Integration

• John D. Rockefeller

  • Monopoly in the oil industry

  • Owned Standard Oil

The Growth of Big Business

• After the Civil War, the US shifted from a farming economy to one based on industry.

• Entrepreneurs used factors of production (land, labor, capital) to expand their business.

• Entrepreneurs started corporations and sold stock to make money to buy raw materials, equipment, & pay workers.

• People bought stocks hoping to earn high dividends.

• Railroads, banks, and manufacturing firms started corporations.

• Some corporations grew into trusts and monopolies.

• The Bessemer Process was a way to make steel quicker and cheaper, leading to the boom in the Steel Business that Carnegie monopolized!

Different Views on Big Business:

Supporters

• Some Americans felt big business lowered production costs, increased quality of life, and brought about new tech & inventions

• James Hill: Gave Seeds to farmers and helped them buy equipment in order to get them to use his Great Northern Railway

• Cornelius Vanderbilt: controlled most of the rail & Shipping from NYC to Great Lakes.

  • Nicknamed "The Commodore".

  • Used consolidation and low rates to drive out competition

Anti-trust Feelings

• Some Americans did not like big business because they felt monopolies & trusts had too much influence over the government, eliminated competition, & treated workers unfairly.

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890

  • Banned trusts and monopolies

  • Was too weak to be effective.

The Labor Movement

Who were the workers?

• The rise of industry created a need for workers:

  • Unskilled immigrant men

  • Women (paid ½ of what men were)

  • Children

• They took jobs in:

  • Factories / Sweatshops

  • Coal Mines

  • Textile Mills / Garment Industry

  • Railroad

  • Oil mills

  • Steel mills

Child Labor

• Children as young as 5 were working

• Worked in coal mines, textile mills and factories

• Worked to help family pay bills

• Hired by business owners because:

  • They were tiny and could handle Small parts

  • They could fit in Small Spaces

  • They could be paid less money

Working Conditions:

• Workers worked 12-16 hour days with few breaks allowed

• Workers were paid poorly

• Workers were forced to work in unsafe Conditions

  • Factories were poorly ventilated

  • Coal mines often collapsed

  • Machines were dangerous and no safety equipment was given

Labor Unions Grow

• Fed up with the terrible working conditions, workers unionized (joined together) to fight for:

  • Better Pay

  • Shorter hours

  • Safer working conditions

  • End child labor

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

  • Formed by Samuel Gompers

  • Accepted only skilled laborers

  • Used strikes

• Knights of Labor (KOL)

  • Formed by Terrance Powderly

  • Opened to unskilled labor

  • Used strikes

• Mary Harris "Mother Jones fought for Workers' rights, especially children & mine workers

Labor Unions Strikes

Haymarket Riot - Chicago, Illinois

• Bomb explosion followed by police gunfire during the strike killed many

• As a result, ANTI-LABOR feelings (dislike) towards labor unions were created.

Homestead Strike- Pennsylvania

• Workers at Carnegie's steel plant wanted better pay

• Strike turned violent and deadly

• More ANTI-LABOR feelings were created

Pullman Strike

• Company cut wages. Workers went on strike

• Resulted in court order against the Union

Triangle Fire Leads to New Safety Laws

• Fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company building

• Workers (mostly young immigrant women) were unable to escape because the doors were locked.

• 150 young women died

Importance

• Greatest Workplace disaster of its time

• International Ladies' Garment workers Union (ILGWU) fought for Safety laws.

• Tragedy led to new safety laws and better working conditions in factories.

Improving Working Conditions

• Working conditions in factories, coal mines, and other industries did not improve quickly.

• Unions won an end to child labor and fire safety laws were put in place.

• Workers continued to collectively bargain with employers for better wages, better pay,
  better working conditions, and shorter working hours.

New Immigrants Come to America

• Between 1866 and 1914 more than 25 million immigrants came to the United States.

• They were different than immigrants that came to the United States before 1865.

OLD Immigrants:

• Northern & Western Europe

NEW Immigrants:

• Southern & Eastern Europe & Asia

• The two most difficult tasks immigrants faced were finding a job and assimilating (usually easier for children).

Push Factors

• REASONS FOR LEAVING THEIR HOMELAND

• usually negative

• EX. Lack of Jobs, pogroms, disease

Pull Factors

• REASONS FOR COMING TO A NEW AREA

• usually positive

• EX. Jobs, religious freedom

Coming To America

• Most New Immigrants were poor and could only afford accommodations in STEERAGE below the deck of the ship.

• Immigrants Coming From Europe

  • Entered the United States at NY Harbor

  • First thing they saw was the Statue of Liberty

  • Statue of Liberty was a symbol of freedom that all were welcome in America

  • Statue of Liberty was the watcher of the "Golden Door"- entrance into America

  • Poem by Emma Lazarus is engraved at the base of the Statue of Liberty

  • Immigrants entering the United States on the east coast had to first be processed at Ellis Island before they could enter the country.

• Immigrants Coming From Asia

  • Entered the United States in the west at San Francisco Bay, California

  • Immigrants entering the United States on the west coast had to first be processed at Angel Island before they could enter the country.

  • Chinese immigrants were treated very unfairly at Angel Island:

    • Often detained for months

    • Carved poems on walls to show frustration

    • Separated from family while detained

• Nativist were against immigration because they did not like that the New Immigrants did not speak English. They were also afraid that the New Immigrants would cause change and take away jobs because they worked for low pay.

Nativism and Asian Immigrants

• Nativists wanted the government to pass laws to limit all immigration, especially Asian Immigration

• EX. Chinese Exclusion Act stopped Chinese workers from coming to the United States for 10 years

The Growth of Cities

• Immigration and availability of JOBS caused people to settle in fast growing cities.

THREE GROUPS MOVE TO CITIES

• Farmers

• Immigrants

• African Americans

• Immigrants settled in Ethnic Neighborhoods where they could be close to others from their own Ethnic Group, or people who shared their own culture.

Help For Poor

• The Salvation Army & YMCA provided assistance to urban poor.

• Settlement Houses, like Chicago's Hull House created by Jane Addams, provided help to immigrants like English classes, health classes, and day care

Cities Offer Entertainment and Recreation

• Vaudeville- became the most popular theatre as it was inexpensive. Shows provided comedy, magic, Singing, and dancing.

• Music:

  • Jazz and Ragtime

  • Scott Joplin became a popular ragtime performer with his Maple Leaf Rag

• Spectator Sports- people flocked to see Sporting events like baseball which became known as "America's Pastime" and basketball invented by James Naismith

• Art-artists like Winslow Homer, Henry Tanner, & Mary Cassatt used realism in their work to
  Show life like it really was.

• Nickelodeon- early motion picture theater.

• Architects built skyscrapers in cities to deal with the lack of Space in downtown areas.

  • An example was the Woolworth building in NYC.

Diagram of an Urban Society

• Country

• Outskirts

• Inner City:

  • Poor live in tenements and slums

  • Middle Class live in suburbs (comfortable life)

  • Wealthy live in mansions

How the Other Half Lives

• Tenements

  • Located in a city center

  • Were run down, unsafe, poorly built housing quickly erected to house poor immigrants flooding the cities.

• Slums

  • Run down, poor neighborhoods where poor lived in tenements and worked in factories.

• Battling the Spread of Disease

  • Screening of school kids

  • Visiting nurses

  • Public health clinics.

Improvements to cities

• The New York Journal (William R Hearst) and the New York World (Joseph Pulitzer) were the first of the daily modern newspapers.

• Parks were designed to give city residents open Spaces.

  • Ex. Central Park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.

• Building codes improved tenement living by requiring indoor plumbing and fire escapes

• Transportation improvements changed the way people traveled around the city.

  • Ex. Subways (first in Boston), trolleys, & bridges.

Education in the Gilded Age

• More years of school

• Creation of high schools (after 1914)

• Increased literacy (ability to read)

• The Morrill Act of 1862 gave land to states to sell to make money for colleges.

• Reading becomes a popular leisure activity

  • Horatio Alger wrote Rags to Riches stories (Dime Novels)

  • Paul Laurence Dunbar was one of the first African Americans writers to receive wide fame.

• Schools in the South were segregated meaning little to no education for African American children.

The Progressive Era

Who were they?

• Progressives were individuals who wanted to work with the government to pass laws in order to expose and clean up corruption in government, business, and Society

The Progressive Activists

• Carrie Chapman Catt

  • leader of the women's Suffrage movement

• Alice Paul

  • leader of the women's suffrage movement

• Cary Nation

  • leader in the temperance movement

• W.E.B DuBois

  • believed African Americans had to fight for equality & justice

  • Founded the NAACP.

  • Graduated from Harvard.

• Booker T Washington

  • believed African Americans would gain equality through education & patience.

  • Founded the Tuskegee Institute - a college for African Americans

Progressive Presidents

• Theodore Roosevelt

  • Square Deal- everyone Should have an opportunity to succeed

  • Known as a trustbuster and conservationist

• William Taft

  • Seen as weak by Progressives.

  • Got the 16th Amendment - income tax-passed leading to lower tariffs as a way to help the poor.

• Woodrow Wilson

  • New Freedom- plan to target big business.

  • Went after banks, child labor and ALL trusts.

The Muckrakers

• Ida Tarbell

  • wrote about corruption in the oil industry.

  • Went after Standard Oil.

• Thomas Nast

  • political cartoonist who exposed the corruption of William "BOSS" Tweed.

  • Brought down Tweed Ring.

• Upton Sinclair

  • wrote The Jungle, a novel about the horrors in Chicago's meat packing plants.

  • Led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

• Jacob Riis

  • photographer who exposed the unsafe and unhealthy conditions of NYC tenement living

Election of 1912

• Progressives felt Taft was not "Progressive" enough.

• Teddy Roosevelt formed Bull Moose Party to run against Taft

• Wilson, a democrat, won the election when Taft and Roosevelt Split the Progressive vote causing neither candidate to win.

Left Out of Reform

• African Americans: = left to fight for equality and reform without much help from the government.

  • In addition to NAACP, Ida Wells wrote A Red Record in an attempt to gain support to end national lynching of black Americans.

• Asian Americans: Gentleman's Agreement cut immigragtxvdion from Japan

• Mexican Americans: Formed mutualistas to provide insurance and legal help. Also worked to address overcrowding in barrios.

• Native Americans: Formed the Society of American Indians to improve living conditions and teach about Native culture.

• President William McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, NY at the Pan-American Exposition.

  • He was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist who believed it was his duty to kill McKinley. McKinley's Vice
    President, Teddy Roosevelt, became President.

What Were They Fighting For?

Political Reforms

• Political Machines: corrupt organizations linked to political parties that controlled cities and worked to get their politicians elected. Political Bosses controlled Political Machines.

Business Reforms

• Interstate Commerce Act: required railroads to charge reasonable rates.

  • The Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC) oversaw railroads.

• Trust Busters: Roosevelt believed bad trusts needed to be eliminated. Used the Sherman
  Antitrust Act to break up trusts like the Northern Securities Company.

• 16th Amendment: Started the federal income tax.

  • Taft hoped this would make this more fair for the poor because high tariffs would be lowered.

• Keating Owens Act: Under Wilson banned goods produced by child labor

• Federal Trade Commision (FTC): under Wilson investigated businesses for unfair trade practices.

Oregon System:

• initiative: allowed citizens to place an issue on the ballot

• referendum: gave voters ability to accept or reject laws

• recall: voters could remove incompetent officials from office.

Wisconsin Idea:

• Developed by Robert LaFollette

  • Started the direct primary where voters
    could choose candidates from their political party
    to run for office.

• 17th Amendment: voters could directly elect the senators who would represent them in Congress.

• President Garfield was assassinated in 1881 for not giving Someone a government job under the Spoils System.

  • In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Act which Set up the Civil Service Commission to give tests in
    order to get a federal job.

Social Reforms

Women's Suffrage:

• 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote

Temperance:

• Women believed alcohol was to blame for failing families and society's economic problems.

• 18th Amendment: started prohibition by banning selling the making and sale of alcohol

Food:

• Meatpacking Industry was corrupt and greedy. Distributed food that was unsafe to eat. Uncovered by Upton Sinclair.

• Pure Food and Drug Act: required food
  manufacturers to label ingredients

• Meat Inspection Act: required meat factories to allow government inspectors into factory

America's Rise to World Power

From Isolation to Expansion

• Age of Imperialism: Time when powerful European nations build large empires by gaining economic and political control over weaker nations in Africa and Asia.

• The United States followed a policy of ISOLATION at first.

  • George Washington- favored isolation (the belief that a nation should stay out of the affairs of other nations)

  • Warned of staying out of the affairs of other nations in his Farewell Address.

  • America's policy of isolation lasted over 100 years, until the late 1800s & early 1900s

• Then the United States transitions towards Expansionism and Imperialism

EXPANSIONISM

*Spreading a nation's territorial and economic control beyond its borders.

IMPERIALISM

*Extending a nation's rule over other
territories and governments.
Some reasons for expansionism/imperialism are:

• To find new markets to sell products (exports)

• To new Sources for raw materials

• To Spread western influence (culture &
  religion) to Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

• AND For the US to compete with Europe (race for colonies).

To start expanding…

• The U.S. needed a strong Navy to protect interests and newly acquired territories.

  • Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wanted to improve the navy.

  • GREAT WHITE FLEET- newly built naval battleships.

  • President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to show-case the strength of the US Navy.

So America started expanding America looks towards Asia

Japan

• In 1854 Commodore Matthew Perry helped open trade with Japan under the Treaty of Kanagawa & America began trading with Japan.

• Japan began industrializing & was eager to expand influence into Asia, ignoring respect for China's borders.

• In 1905 President TR met with Russian and Japanese leaders to solve a conflict over Manchuria in China.

  • The Treaty of Portsmouth helped Japan and Russia, reach an agreement.

Newly Acquired Territories

Saward's Folly/Icebox

• Secretary of State, William Seward was mocked for purchasing Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million.

• Americans were shocked that Alaska was rich in natural resources and gold was discovered.

Midway-Pacific

• 1867- US acquired Midway islands as a stopping place
  for ships traveling to Asia

Annexation of Hawaii -Pacific

• American Sugar planters and businessmen established interests and sugar plantations in Hawaii.

• Queen Liliuokalani wanted Americans out of Hawaii

• American planters forced the Queen from power and established a provisional government

• Hawaii became a territory of the US in 1900

Samoa-Pacific

• 1899 US and Germany divided Samoa.

  • Samoa had little say.

China

• By the 1890s, China was divided into SPHERES OF INFLUENCE- areas where other nations have
  Special trading privileges in China.

• Secretary of State John Hay suggested an OPEN DOOR POLICY where nations could trade freely in each other's Spheres of Influence.

• China wanted the foreign nations out of China.

BOXER REBELLION

• A Chinese nationalist Society called the “Boxers” tried to fight off the foreign nations in a revolt.

• Several European nations and the USA put down the rebellion and maintained a foreign presence in China, but China had more independence.

Becoming a World Power

Spanish American War

Background

• 4 Long term causes of the war

  • Cuba was 90 miles away from the United States

  • The United States had Sympathy for the Cuban Struggle for independence

  • Yellow Journalism- Hearst and Pulitzer wrote Sensational stories about Cuba to drum up
    Support for war in order to sell more newspapers.

  • America had many economic investments in Cuba.

Immediate Cause

• President McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana, Cuba to protect interests.

• 2/15/1898- the Maine explodes. US newspapers immediately blame Spain for the explosion

Major Battles

• Philippines- George Dewey quickly defeated the Spanish

• Cuba- Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders and captured San Juan Hill
  leading to the defeat of the Spanish Navy in Santiago Bay.

• Puerto Rico- quickly fell after defeat of Cuba.

Results

• Cuba gains independence

  • Platt Amendment- US gains a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

  • Cuba can't make treaties

• Puerto Rico becomes a territory of the US under the Jones Act.
  * Jones Act- also gave Puerto Ricans US citizenship
  * Foraker Act- gave Puerto Ricans a limited say in their own affairs.

• Guam becomes a US territory

• The US buy the Philippines from Spain for 20 million.

• US becomes a world power

• Filipinos resented US imperialism & were
  finally allowed to govern
  themselves in 1946, after
  fighting for it.

• The Treaty of Paris ended theSpanish American War. Many
  Americans were against the
  treaty because it made the
  United States a colonial
  power, which Some resented.

United States Role in Latin America

• Monroe Doctrine

  • Said Europe Should not get involved in the affairs of the western
    Hemisphere and the United States would not get involved in the affairs of the Eastern Hemisphere

Theodore Roosevelt and the Big Stick

• European Nations continued to intervene in Latin America:

• Theodore Roosevelt believed it was the role of the United States to use international police power to
  preserve order and prevent anarchy.

• BIG STICK POLICY follows an African proverb.

  • "Speak Softly and carry a big stick"

  • Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• The Corollary claimed the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin
  American nations by Sending US military troops to the area to protect US interests and
  peace.

• In 1910. the United States intervened in a violent revolution in Mexico which showed that
  the United States would use its power when its interests were threatened.

Building the Panama Canal

• Panama won its independence from Columbia in 1903 with US help

• The US wanted to build a canal through the isthmus of Panama to Shorten the time traveling between the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans.

• Workers faced tropical diseases & challenges building the canal.

• The Panama Canal opened on August 15, 1914 reducing the time it
  took to travel from NY to San Francisco by 8.000 miles

World War I

M.A.I.N. Long Term Causes

M- Militarism

• Relationships between countries were strained as a result
  of the competition to build up militaries.

A- Alliance System

• Secret agreements between countries to
  Support each other if attacked
  created tensions in Europe

I-Imperialism

• Created competition between European countries to control colonies in Asia, Africa and the Pacific

N-Extreme nationalism

• Created mistrust and rivalry between
  nations

• The region in Europe was called the Powder Keg of Europe as it was so volatile.

IMMEDIATE CAUSE

• On June 28 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of
  Austria-Hungary, was
  assassinated by Gavrilo Princip-
  a member of a Serbian Terrorist
  group.

Two Sides

Triple Alliance becomes CENTRAL POWERS

• Germany

• Bulgaria

• Ottoman Empire

• Austria Hungary

Triple Entente becomes ALLIED POWERS

• France

• England

• Russia (leaves in 1917)

• USA (enters in 1917)

• 21 other nations

The War Begins…and Lasts… A long time

• Most fighting took place on the western Front area between Germany and France.

• Trench warfare- main style of fighting during the war where both sides dug trenches and fought from them.

• Stalemate- Trench warfare made it difficult for either side to advance and after
  the Battle of the Marne (1914) it was clear neither side could win quickly.

AT FIRST…In the beginning.

America maintains NEUTRALITY because…

• America was divided among ethnic lines with Some
  favoring Allied Powers & Some
  favoring Central Powers

• America benefited from
  Selling Supplies to both sides
  as American farmers and
  factories rushed to fill orders
  for war goods.

• Pacifists were against the
  war because they were against
  violence

• Socialists were against the
  war because they thought only
  the rich would benefit at the
  expense of the poor.

Neutrality Doesn't Last

America enters the war in 1917 because…

1. The Zimmerman Telegram- Germany asks Mexico fight US to reclaim lost land in America and keep the US out of WWI.

2. Germany's decision to resume unrestricted Submarine warfare to sink cargo Ships,

3. The overthrow of Russia's Czar Nicholas II
   Meanwhile…in Russia
   Vladimir Lenin leads the
   Bolsheviks to overthrow Czar
   Nicholas II. Russia is
   plunged into Civil war and
   leaves WWI by Signing the
   Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Tensions Build between the US and Central Powers

RMS Lusitania

• A British passenger Ship with US civilians was torpedoed by a German U-Boat under Germany's policy of
  unrestricted Submarine warfare

EFFECTS

1. Wilson threatens to end diplomatic relations with Germany

2. American citizens start Swaying Support toward Allies

3. Germany issues the Sussex Pledge- saying they will warn neutral ships before attacking. This keeps America neutral.

WWI is called "modern warfare" because new, deadlier, technology changes the way war is fought.

• Airplanes

• Tanks

• Artillery

• Zeppelins

• Poison Gas

• U-Boats

• Machine Guns

Raising an Army

• 2 million men volunteered to enlist in the US military

• Selective Service Act- required men between 21-30 to register for Service.

• 1st time women enlisted in non-combat roles

• General John J. Pershing: Supreme Commander of the American Expeditionary Force.
  He insisted American Soldiers fight together as Separate units to end trench warfare

The Homefront.

VICTORY GARDENS

• Americans grew certain foods ingardens So farmers could send food to soldiers

LIBERTY BONDS

• Sold by the US Government to raise money to pay for the war

WOMEN'S ROLES CHANGE

• Women were needed to work in factories making war goods.

ESPIONAGE ACT

• provided stiff penalties for Spying

SEDITION ACT

• made it a crime to say, print, or write anything negative about the government

African Americans & WWI

In the Military:

• African Americans served in Segregated units

  • Harlem Hellfighters- led by Col. William Hayward the hellfighters were an African American regiment who fought bravely in France

On the Homefront:

• Great Migration- African Americans continued moving north to take low paying factory jobs to help with wartime production.

Major Battles Fought by U.S.

BATTLE OF BELLEAU WOOD

• Americans helped turn back Germans on the western Front.

• This was America's 1ST major battle

• Lasted 3 weeks where doughboys battled around the clock against German machine gun fire.

BATTLE OF ARGONNE FOREST

• Over 1 million doughboys join allies

• Biggest attack in US history- lasted 7 weeks

• Doughboys broke through German defenses.

• Heavy losses on both sides. Battle led to armistice

• In order to drum up Support for the war, members of the military called 4 minute men would give patriotic Speeches encouraging people to do things like grow victory gardens and buy liberty bonds.

The Bureaucracy Manages the war

• Food Administration- led by Herbert Hoover, encouraged farmers to grow certain crops and families to not waste food

• War Industries Board- Supervised industry and the shift to produce war-related goods

• War Labor Board- Helped stop work stoppages due to labor disputes

• Committee on Public Information-worked to publish propaganda to influence American opinions to support the war.

WWI ENDS

• On November 11th, 1918 at 11 am, the Allied Powers and Central Powers sign an armistice.

• Germany had to agree to accept the peace plan and the Kaiser had to give up power

• WWI caused 9 million deaths, 20 million wounded

• 50,000 US casualties

• Entire towns and cities were ruined

Treaty of Versailles and Wilson's 14 Points

• Fourteen Points- Wilson's peace plan called for an end to secret alliances, a League of Nations,
  countries to have self-determination, free trade, and a limit on armaments (weapons).

• Treaty of Versailles- officially ended the war. Germany was punished Severely as they lost land and had to pay reparations.

• United States does not sign the Treaty of Versailles- Senator Henry Cabot Lodge opposed the treaty because he thought membership in the League of Nations would bring US into future wars.

Jazz Age

• In the years following WWI, the United States experienced Social, economic, and cultural changes that often clashed with the traditional values previously held by Society.

Foreign Policy

• Americans wanted to keep peace with other nations and return to isolationism

  • 1922 - Five Power Treaty- agreement to limit the Size of a nation's navy. It was signed by USA, Britain, Japan, France, & Italy.

  • 1928- Kellogg-Briand Pact- signed by USA & 14 other nations. It outlawed war. Treaty was unenforceable.

The Roaring Twenties

Warren G. Harding

• Elected in 1920, he promised Americans a Return to Normalcy
  Administration was marked by SCANDAL

• Ohio Gang- Harding's top political supporters and friends were given government jobs

• Teapot Dome- Harding's Cabinet Secretary of Interior, Albert Fall, was convicted of bribery and was the 1st cabinet member to be sent to prison.

Calvin Coolidge

• Became President in 1923 when Harding died in office.

• "Silent Cal" worked to repair scandals of the Harding Presidency.

• Like Harding, Coolidge followed a policy of
  Laissez-Faire economics. Coolidge's hands-off approach to businesses caused rapid economic growth.

Herbert Hoover

• Last president of the Jazz Age

• Elected in 1928 and the US economy will collapse under his presidency

• The 1920 election was the first election women could vote in because of the 19th Amendment?

Fear in Society

• Red Scare- After WWI, Americans feared communism would Spread to the US.

• Led to a rise in nativism and a fear in foreigners.

• Led to the Emergency Quota System- limited number of people able to immigrate to the US.

• Sacco and Vanzetti trial- two Italian immigrants accused of murder. Found guilty & executed. Many felt that they were not given a fair trial and they came to Symbolize the anti-foreign feeling of the era.

• Laborers who went on strike for higher wages were accused of being Communists. Americans began linking labor unions to ideas of radicalism and refused to join them.

• Scopes Trial- A young teacher, John Scopes was arrested and found guilty for illegally teaching about evolution in Tennessee. This event showed how new ideas of the 20's clashed with religious traditions

Prohibition

• 1920-18th Amendment outlawed alcohol.

• Led to a rise in organized crime.

  • Bootleggers like Al Capone Smuggled alcohol into the US.

• People drank in illegal bars called Speakeasies.

• Prohibition was unsuccessful as it did not Solve the problem of drinking and
  led to an increase in crime.

• 1933- 21st Amendment repealed
  Prohibition

• In the 1924 election Nellie Tayloe Ross and Miriam Ferguson became the first two women to be elected state governors.

Mass Media and Consumer Culture of the 20s

• After WWI. the US went through a BRIEF recession:

1. factories stopped production of wartime goods

2. unemployed Soldiers returning from war.

BUT THEN…..

• Most of the 1920s experienced a BOOMING economy
  as factories quickly changed to making new and
  exciting consumer goods.

• Mass Media- Radios, magazines, catalogues- published advertisements for new exciting products like refrigerators, vacuums, washing machines, and ready to wear clothes.

• Automobiles:

  • Henry Ford introduced the Assembly Line to his factories allowing the Model T to be mass produced.

  • Average Americans could afford to buy a car.

  • Mass production of