Untitled Flashcards Set
Year of 619:
Khadija and abu tallah die leaving the meccans who havent converted to attack muhhamed
Hijra:was the immigration of muslims to mecca to medina(622), this is the day that the islamic calender starts
Muhhamds house is the first mosque: house is centered to juereslum, should be a mosque of equals
BADR: greatest battle, huge turning point as a small number of muslim medinans beat meccans after muhhamed kept raiding caravans trades
Muhhameds nigh journey: went to see all the other prophets and is commanded to require followers to pray, moses told him to do a high number of prayers. But the true number(5) is given through muhhameds actions which is in the hadiths
BATTLE OF UHAD: the muslim meccans were winning untill the archers on the flanks left their positions early too loot which allowed the meccans to win
Aftermath of UHAD: median muslim claim all the jewish clans were helping the meccans and so all jews were expelled, killing men and inslaving women and children
MECCA BEING TAKEN OVER:
-muhhamed makes allies ith pagans and other non muslims
-takes 20 years to takeover mecca
-claims there is no god but allah
-by 622 islam controls most of arabia
AFTER THE DEATH OF MUHHAMED:
Some dont belive in muhhhemeds death
Abu bakr and many want to believe that muhhamed will come back
A caliph is named because they want to keep islam an expand it and abu bakr is named in a vote
ARABIA AND FERTILE CRESCENT:
-prophet died in 632
-Ridda wars/apostasy wars:the wars that abu bakr waged on tribes to regain control of tribes back to mecca
-there were 3 groups, the original muslims who migrated to medina after mecca kicked them out, the medians who later converted, and the meccans who converted at the last
-there were more nomads recruited for the army and the forgeiners intrests affected decsions for the empires
- as there were more raids the more soldiers in army increased
RIDDA WAR:
Coerced rebel groups to resubmit to Medinan rule
Had 2 shifts in policy, paccification of religious tribes than subjugation of of arabs that had no treaty with the prophet to begin with
Eventualy took over all of the arabian pennsuilia by 634
ABU BAKR:
-durring conquests abu was concerned with nomads and rival settlements that were on trade routes while muhhamed was scared of arab tribes w
-died in a battle in 633, and later succeeded by Umar ibn
-said abu
-he wanted to unify people more
- the people who pledged allegiance to muhhamed at first didnt want to support abu bakr, abu bakr needed to solidify his authority
-he just took power with no vote and no one said anything bad
Umar ibn:
-chose by Abu Bakr to be the successer
-stabbed by an iranian and then succeeded by Uthman ibn Affan
-”commander of the believers” (Amir al-minin)
-pushes back the Byzantines and sassians and reaches out of the arabian plateu
BATTLES:
In 633 arab armies led by ABU BAKR entered south syria , they raided tand used an accounted 24k troops
In 636 Damascus fell when christians joined conqueruing muslim parties, afterwhich byzantine empire gave out more troops with armienans and arab mercineries
Antioch,juerselum, the sea port of Casearea and aleppo fell in 640 making muslim arabs now controling costal and interior plains
BATTLE OF ARQABIA: fought
BATTLE OF YARMUK(636): ?
BATTLE OF
BATTLe of BADR:
IRAN:
-former sassianian troops later became muslims
9/18/23
Year of 619:
Khadija and abu tallah die leaving the meccans who havent converted to attack muhhamed
9/20/23
How does “the covenant” seem to present the relationship among different groups mentioned?
: muslims want everyone to be 13
False prophets:
Many prophets came up saying that they would be good prhpoets
MUSLIYAMA:
Spiritual leaders:
Khalifa (caliph)
Khalifat Rasul ALLAH (successor to messenger of good
Khalifat Allah (gods deuputy on earth)
All of these people are spiritual leader
But umar is more of a military commander to expand empire
Why is the iraqi plateau so important to the umma:
-fertile crescent
-babylon is ther
-richest soil
Things to remember about plateau:
- year round irrigratioj
-lots of bugs
-swampy
-requires a lot of care not to flood
-they had corrupt sassinians and byzantines rule them
AMSAR: garrison towns, built right on the outskirts of town to protect them
-made so army doesnt cant integrate with locals
-the army would anger towns by their prescence
-forgein practices that armies could pick up
-the muslim men might want to marry other woman away from family
Important: alot of people in towns werent converted because then the spoils of war will reduce for soilders and taxes will go down as non muslims jizya is higher
Major garrison towns: Al-kufa,Al-Basra,Fustat,Marv,Qayrawan
9/25/23
OUTHAMAN:
He is a quarish but a late one
Umar appoinnts him along with a council
He made council of 6 answer(closest to the prophet)
There is a debate if ali goes into an election
He pushes all the way to north africa and make s Kairouan a city and pushes islam to berebrs and pushes far into north africa and persia4
He is critced for puting family members and his tribes at political power, espically with egypian terriroty and the iranian garrison towns
Gets killed by messangers by egypt, because he wanted to know why they were so mad at governors in egypt, the messengers set to meet them just kills him after listening and taking their grievances into account. No one knows the names of people who killed him
CONVERTS:
-islam wasnt as big untill the 11th century under fatmid rule
OUTHMANS DEATH:
Family of outhman and his tribe want justice for him
After ali gerts power he doesnt do anything about Outhmans death because he is scared that going after assigns will worsen relations
Fitna: trials and unrest, first civil war in the new islamic community
Aisha set up power near a garrison town away from medina
Theres a political divison of people agaisnt ali and for ali, the people for ali are called “shias”
The Khawarij hate ali for negoting witjh Mu ‘jiwa and at the negotiations end in a stale made just like how ti stalemate at siffin
Second civil war
Ummyaad:Mu ‘ayiya
Meccan party: talja, zubayr, aisha
Shi’at: all
Battle: the battle of the camel, zubayr and talja dies and then aisha returns to
ALI:
Has to fight for legitimacy points
-got killed by Kharijite berbers because they said ali didnt have islamic pride and hated negotiied with the ammyaed party in 661
-ali and his family became symbols of protest against the power of ummayyads and their syrian supporters
– born in 600 in mecca to Abu talib
-shias say that ali is the first male to convert but most suunnis says its abu bakr
-marrried fatima, muhhameds daughter
- had 28 children
- people who descend from ali have right to rule anc are known as ALIDS
-lifted a gate off its hinges and uses it as a shield to show his characterization
-
Belifs people had of ali:
-the Ghurabiyya sect believed that ali and muhhamed resemble each other and they were like 2 ravens(Ghurab)
- the imami or twelveer brand thinks he did miracles
AIsha:
-daughter of Abu Bakr
-earliest converts to islam
-One of muhhameds favorite wives
-little is knownb bc women arent documented that well in arabia
-
Egypt:
-theres a garrison town named fustat
- outhman made a mosque
-very powerful with lots of food and thus makes it high corruptible as its important
Mu'awiya I:
-govenener of damascus
Beats the meccans
Married into syrian tribal nobilityh
Moved capital to kufa
Made the state into an empire by appoint his son after his death
UMMYADs:
-MU awiyah - first ruler -
### Summary of Key Events, Dates, and People
- Ghadir Khumm
- Event: Muhammad publicly appoints 'Ali as his successor.
- Context: Occurred after the pilgrimage; Muhammad received divine instructions to ensure 'Ali's leadership.
- Key Quote: "Whoever receives me as his [master or ally], then to him 'Ali is the same."
- Post-Muhammad Era
- Leaders: Mu'awiya becomes a prominent figure after defeating 'Ali.
- Shi'a Development: Supporters of 'Ali's family identified as Shi'ites.
- 680 CE - Events at Karbala
- Key Figure: Husayn, grandson of Muhammad.
- Conflict: Husayn is invited to Kufa to resist Yazid's rule but is intercepted and killed along with his followers.
- Significance: Husayn's martyrdom marks a transformation in Shi'ite identity, shifting from political allegiance to religious devotion.
- Impact of Karbala
- Collective Sentiment: Growing feelings of guilt among Kufans for not supporting Husayn.
- Cultural Shift: His death becomes a symbol of sacrifice for justice, shaping Shi'ite beliefs and rituals.
This summary captures the crucial moments and figures that shaped the early Islamic community and the evolution of Shi'ism.
KUFA: was moved to kufa
The capital is in damascus under mahwai
OCTOBER 2ND:
THE northern arabs convert to islam and
Iraq is hurt because the power is moved to syria
750 AD:
Abbasid revelotuion and islam in other areas are diffrent as islam grows
mahyiah move families and soilders from iraq to persia
680: the son of ali, Hussian, is murdered
The people of kufa feel bad for not helping hussian, this is why shias beat themselves for not supporting ali’s son and its remembrance for not supporting hussian at karbala
The establishment of Mahyiah is a sign of being a kingdom
Adballah in al-Zubar was starting a rebellion after mahyais death
692 conflict:
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
is a school teacher who helps the abbasindians
He had a red turban came to a turban and said he will kill a bunch of people to make people fear him in
Govenver of
Built his own capital to govern because he couldnt govern in kufa
When you become muslim you abadon your tribe and a new community
- often non arabs who convert cant find a community in the very tribal muslim world
Why embelish the interior of the mosque in jeurelsm: they wanted the rock to stand out,
What were the reasons why malik built the rock in jerusalem, mount mariah:
For grandeur for religious reasons
Oldest mosque shrines
\
10/4/24
Many mosques were built
Damascus ummayd mosque: used to be a church.
-ummayds had their treasury, al hadid wanted it to be a political building as well as outward or transcperent
How did muslims expand their empire and instituions and get their art style:
There were always people making art , aswell as nature being used alot because how urban cities were getting
Designers of this place was a byzantine christian archtetect which shows that empires shows culture through beurocrats
Chamberlain:someone who has access to other rulers
Caliphs: are legal barriers and can make fatwahs
During the reg
It was only during the reign of Abd al-Malik that government work began to be regularly recorded in Arabic. The development of a standard Arabic coinage to replace the imitation Byzantine and Sassanian issues which had been used up to this time.
Central diwans
To assist the Caliph in administration there were six Boards at the Centre:
Diwan al-Kharaj (the Board of Revenue), Diwan al-Rasa'il (the Board of Correspondence), Diwan al-Khatam (the Board of Signet), Diwan al-Barid (the Board of Posts), Diwan al-Qudat (the Board of Justice), and Diwan al-Jund (the Military Board).
Commonality of arabic:
Making arabic the official language connects everyone culturally, promoting more literacy and thus education\
Impaiety:
- court poetry
Many women
Had many parties
Drinkin
Umar 2
He had a rule with a idea of piety
-tries to make non arab converts and arabs have peace
Tax code:
The stippended from
ABBASID RULE RISE:
AL muhhamed - the family of muhhamed
-mahdi
Al abbas
Alids (al husayan)
Zayd ibn ali b husyan
3 views on the question of leaders:
Belioong to prophet family
Nass(desgination to previous imam)
Zaydi view
-starting to gain supporters and are a response to AIi
ABBASIDS
Capital: BAGHDAD
river values help feed population
Who were rhe abbasid?
shias who wanted the line to be with family
House of ali wanted to be in there
Led the medhi and made ali more mystica
Why were they called abbadsids:
part of the prophets family named abbas
Abbas is from hussiens family
Poltical:
Killed all of the Umayyad except for one who fled to Spain Abd al-Rahman who founds his own dynasty (furthest extent because of Battle of Tours in 732)
• Capital was Madinat as-salaam ( bigger than Constantinople in size and wealth and means the "city of peace" or later known as Baghdad
• Bureaucratic and allowed non -Arabs elite positions
• Mameluks- slave mercenaries for army become essential part of the Abbasid state.(technicly royal gaurd) and a bunch turks from caspian sea
Wazir is now more powerful
What would the post master be intrested right now?
they are basicly spies
They also handle transactions across all areas in the empire
District collecter: works with the saykh al balad to get money
Shayak al balad: make suee the land lord and peseant pays money in tqxxes
Iqta tamlik: state or waste lands(basicly abbanded land becomes state lands)
Iqta istighql: tax farm cultivable lands
Corruption issues:
rhe shayaks abuse power and take more money
ECONOMIC:
used a lot slaves from europe and africa
Slaves were used as domestics
Farmed sugar cane, herbs druis
Merchants had extensive contacts jth cbrisitand, jews and jndians using moonsoon
Created form of payment
BAYT AL HIKMA:
House of wisdom
Great translations
History of early islamic period
What are the arabian nights?
they tell stories from middle eastern stories, they were made with morals made by a queen who had to tell them to a king who was trying to kill her
Every story the wife tells is told with good moral and this is exchanged for another night to stay alive
This is based on the morals
What do wziers do?
Handles the king business or chief of staff or council minster because they are leading the government
Zanj revolt (869 ce)
-salt mining required many african slaves with horrible living conditions, this resulted in the Zanj revolt against the abbassids
-took over mostly iraq and basra
-last a goof while
- shows its empire falling
Mosque of al-Mansur in baghadad
Made in the center of baghadad
Malwiyya minaret:
An abbasinian invention
Ots a spiral shape to make it so prayer is easily heard
Minarets have been on modern mosques but came into fruition now
Abbasid Vassals of egypt and Ifriqiya:
At some point the caliph is only calph in names and just get some tributute.
Tulunids: a turlock origin ruling in egypt and much of syria who broke away authority form abassdis in 868 and remained independent until 905 when abbasids regions tulinids
Mosque of ibn Tulun:
Built in 9th century by Ahmad ibn tulun, a turkic slave soilder
This mosque used mineraets from ziggurats
Houthi rebels are usallu Zaidi shias
Scheism in 632:
Sunnis say: it began with the death of ali and espicaly ali
Shias will say that ali was always passed over to be caliphs, and Hasan ibn Ali ,muhhaemeds grandson, was poisened by his wife and mahwai
Real history: most people did not respect ali as caliph, mawahi did not like him and aishas court rebeled
Shi’i historical events
Ali ibn Talib birth/early life
Ghadir Khumm - the moment where the divine which is reminding the prophet that ali should be next caliph
Succession- the way the council choose caliph was not a ordained way, but Ali let it slide because of the seniority of abu bakr
Battle of camel/siffin/karbala
Sunni narratives:
The importance of the prophets house, amd ali
Shia narratives: ali got passed over
Battle of camel/siffin/Karbala:
Made shia political thought devolp into poltical thought, Karaballa is most important
Camel: fight between close community sahaba, zubar and talla and also aisha the prophets wife. The fight was outside kufa and its aisha and ali
Siffan: ali and alis army meet mahyai and ends in a draw creating a negotiation which turns into a draw.
Karbala: alis son, hussien was killed in this batttle, hussien turns into a figure that is see holy
exoteric(zahir):
Anyone could understand it
esoteric(batin):
The
Isma’ili imams as spirtual elite(huja): these people have been understanding alot of the quran, usually a[opinted by other imams
Political quietism:the imams make quiet because they know they dont have power like abbasid, and they know abbasids will kill any disent
Sharia makes it so muslims can follow laws to be pious and keep their covenant