5.1 the enlightenment

the enlightenment changed ideas of educated europeans during 1600s to 1800s

• salons: informal meetings held in france for debate + discussion

• major enlightenment concepts!

  • empiricist approach: experience, experimentation, evidence, observation used to form new knowledge (evidence based)

  • social contract: idea that members of society had to maintain relationship with government in which people gave up individual freedoms for the benefit of the whole

  • natural rights : fundamental human rights that people are born with

  • thomas hobbes: people are naturally greedy + selfish, government must use laws/control

  • john locke: believed that people had natural rights, supported a liberal government

  • baron de montesquieu: believed government should have three branches to keep balanced

  • voltaire: wanted freedom of speech + freedom of religion

  • denis diderot: produced the encyclopedia, including articles against slavery + for education and freedom of speech

  • rosseau: believed in general will (good of community put first)

  • mary wollstonecraft: called for equal education of women

  • physiocrats: group of french thinkers who believed agriculture would help welath of company, supported laissez faire (no government interference in trade, free trade)

• nationalism: nationalists wanted to promote their nation, wanted to become an independent nation with those whom they shared culture, language, + history (often within multi ethnic empires)

other movements

• abolotionists: fought for end of slavery, began with christians like quakers and baptists, who stressed equality

• american colonization society wanted african americans to resettle in africa

• william lloyd garrison: published abolotionist paper titled the liberator

• frederick douglass: escaped slavery, published the north star

• sojourner truth: escaped slavery, spoke for black + women’s rights

• seneca falls conference of 1848: first organized women’s rights movement by lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton

• declaration of sentiments: based on declaration of independence for women’s rights

5.2 nationalism + revolutions

american revolution

• britain had debt from seven yrs war (territory dispute with france in the americas) which led them to reform colonial adminitration with tax laws + troops in american colonies

• clash at lexington and concord: patriots (colonial militia) clashed with british troops

• continental congress and continental army (led by washington) created after the clash

• this led to american revolutionary war with victory at saratoga and general cornwallis’ final surrender at cheesapeake bay

• peace of paris was signed in 1783

• outcome of american revolution

  • society became meritocratic (based on merit) + egalitarian (more fair, democracy) ended the mercantilist economy, opened up western settlement opportunities

french revolution

• ancient regime: old hierarchy that had

  • first estate → clergy

  • second estate→ nobles

  • third estate→ middle class, peasants, urban poor

• causes of french rev: french increased taxes + in the estates general (the legislative body) the largest third estate had only one vote

• national assembly: formed by third estate as they protested

• tennis court oath: made an oath to a new constitution

• declaration of man and citizen made by national assembly

• women’s march of versailles: women marched to the royal palace, angry at the expenses of marie antoinette, queen of france

• outcome of french revolution

  • nobles had to pay taxes too

  • french church under state control

  • constitution limited the monarchy + led to law reform

haitian revolution

• on the island of hispanola

• white planation owners used african slave labor

• massive slave revolt broke out, led by toussant louverture

• britain was at war with france, spain supported african slave revolts, so france could not handle and offered freedom/citizenship to slaves

• napoleon came to power in france, reintroduced slavery to the island to make his american empire, which led to the second phase of the haitian revolution

• yellow fever in haiti wiped outs napoleon’s soldiers trying to reconquer island

latin american revolutions

• social structure: peninsulares (born in spain), creoles (spain ancestry), mestizos(european ancestry)

• causes of revolutions: increased spanish control made creoles angry, napoleon of france had invaded colonial spain and portugal, enlightenment inspiration, nationalism, nativist ideas

• simon bolivar was a spanish creole drawn to liberalism (individual rights freedom, no gov interference), with napoleon’s invasion he liberated many latin american states as he was appointed leader

mexican independence

• when napoleon invaded spain, a priest named miguel hidalgo issued a call for revolution , known as the grito de dolores

• when liberalists took over in spain, royalists (supported gov) called for mexican independence to preserve power

• mexico became a constitutional monarchy then a republix

brazil

• was a colony of portugal, which was occupied by napoleon

• prince of portugal freed brazil which became a republic later on

post independence

• creoles took highest spot in society, replacing peninsulares

• peace of europe after napoleonic wars ended with crimean war, when russia invaded by an allied ottoman/britain/france

• otto von bismarck inified germany, beleived in realpolitik (practicality over morality)

• italian unification: peninsula unified under garibaldi, a revolutionary

• ottomanism: intended to instill unity + prevent empire from falling aprt, but the new curriculum and control only ended up fueling more nationalism

5.3 industrialization begins

influences of industrialization: columbian exchange, maritime trading empires, independence in americas, agricultural productivity

• agricultural revolution: preceded industrial revolution and led to crop rotation, new crops, population growth, medical care, longer life expectancy

• britain’s cottage industry: women weavers spun in their own homes, gained independence

• spinning jenny and waterframe doomed cottage industry

• division of labor: speciailizing in one task (assembly line)

• britain had many advantages to industrialization: well located for imports/exports, coal deposits, iron for steel, resources from colonies, river, canals

• enclosure movement: britain sold commands(public lands of cultivation) which forced farmers to move to urban areas and seek industrial work

5.4 Industralization Spreads

Modes and locations of production

• Britain, industrialized from cotton, began the industrial revolution

• After Britain's industrialization, countries like France, Germany, US, Japan, Russia

• Us: became leading industrial force by human capitol, with its immigrant labor

• Russia had the trans-Siberian Railroad and was steel-producing

• Japan used defensive modernization and adapted Western traditions, built its economy

• British colonization of India: British East India company controlled the colony, and the British harmed India's shipbuilding, mining, and metalworking fields

• Indian textile industry was shut down because of British textile mills

• Egypt's textile industry fell to European production

5.5 Technology in Industrial Age

How technology shaped economic production

• First phase of the industrial revolution: textiles and steam engine (steam turned turbines after water was heated, did not necessarily have to be located near water)

• Spinning jenny improved yarn spinning, waterframe water-powered, cotton gin de-seeded

• Second phase: efficient energy sources and steel

• Internal combustion was more efficient, the Bessemer and Siemens Martins process improved steel, which meant better infrastructure and machines and weapons

• The railroad began in japan and increased with steel

• Electrification, telecommunication (telegraph and telephone, chemical manufacturing)

5.6 Government's Role in Industrialization

Japan

• Implemented defensive modernization when China fell to Europe

• Created new markets with colonies like Korea

• Meiji government: wanted modernization, changed curriculum, army, trade

Egypt

• Some wanted to modernize, others to return to Islam

• Did not have coal resources for modernization

• Factories ran on expensive animal power

• Big industrial powers like Britain/France put tariffs on their goods but forbade Egypt from doing the same with their own tariffs

• Europe also intervented and controlled their important canal

Russia

• After its defeat in the Crimean War, Alexander II issued reforms to abolish serfdom and reform legally and establish censorship

• Rapid industrialization in Russia meant an especially exploitative system, which involved scapegoating Jews for Alexander's later assassination

• Pogroms: violent attacks on Jews, which led to become American refugees

• Alexander II reforms: abolishment of serfdom, censorship, industrialization

5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations

Economic systems, ideologies, institutions

• During the Industrial Revolution, manufacturers made giant corporations

• Limited liability: could only lose the amount they paid for the share, encouraged stockholders

5.8 Reactions to Industrialization

Calls for changes in industrial societies

• Labor unions: worker organizations that advocated for better pay, conditions through collective bargaining (if no deal is made, they go on strike)

• Companies fought back with private militias or legal injunctions, when a judge orders work

• Strikes like Homestead Strike (steel plant) and the Hayward Market Square riot (bomb thrown)

• Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire led to the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union

• The Trade Union Act legalized the labor unions

China

• China lost in Opium Wars with Europe from unequal treaties

• Qing Dynasty was powerless, non-industrialized

• Self-strenghtening movement: Qing tried to modernize like other industrial powers but Confucian scholars and rural landowners resisted reform

• The movement failed from this resistance, dependence on industrial powers, and foreign forces

Japan

• Meiji transformed Japan from a feudal agricultural to industrial power

• Samurai went against the Meiji to preserve traditional culture

• Meiji reforms succeeded because Japan had less reliance on foreign powers, because of its military power, and because the military prevented resistance

Ottomans

• Lost territory to European and Balkan nationalists, had inefficient tax collection

• Tanzimat reforms: tried to make military and educational reforms and undergo industrialization

• Islamic scholars resisted because their power would decrease

• Tanzimat reforms failed because of reliance on industrial powers, unequal treaties, and nationalism within the empire

Ideologies 

• Laissez faire economics: free trade, no government intervention, private companies

• Utilitarianims: laws/actions judged by usefulness

• Socialism: owners and workers should share equally (all means of production)

• Utopian socialism: small community where wealth and ownership are shared

• Social democracy: a gradual democratic transition into socialism

• Communism: Marx believed social revolution was necessary for this class-free society

Urban reforms

• Industrial revolution hit US and Britain first

• Labor reforms (sabotaged machines, fought for rights after the Shirtwaist Factory Fire)

• Journalists and authors like Sinclair and Riis exposed factory and slum horrors

• Sinclair wrote a book on the Chicago meatpacking industry, while Riis advocated for higher safety and sanitation standards in tenements

• Public health reforms: cleaner sewage, cleaner water supply

• Stephen Smith directed a sanitary survey of NYC (passed public health laws/Public Health Act)

• Factories were investigated all throughout US/UK and child labor laws passed

• Elementary eduation was also passed

Who industrialized

• Successful industrialization: Japan, Russia, US

• Unsuccessful: China, Ottomans, Egypt

5.9 Social Effects

Social hierarchies and living standards

• Workers lived in tenements in urban slums, often owned by factory workers

• Public health meances: disease, fire, and crime

• Britain's new hierarchy consisted of industrialists or corporate owners, followed by the middle white collared class of factory/office managers, then the blue collared working class

• Middle class women often worked for lower wages, had limited lives but not as much as elite, high-class women

• Cult of domesticity: idealized the female housewife

• Industrial Revolution ran with fossil fuel burning, which led to pollution, smog, disease

• Family life was altered as women also went to work and children fended for their families, often working in dangerous conditions

• Global inequalities: indsutrial states exploited colonies for raw materials, preventing the colonies themselves from industrializing

• Women's suffrage movement: defied the cult of domesticity and wanted equal vote, access to education, employment and equality in marriage