3.10 The New Republic

10.14.21

Learning Objective: Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among people and nations from 1754-1800.

Theme Focus: America in the World

US Leadership

• George Washington unanimously elected president in 1789

• John Adams was his Vice President

• Precedents for putting the Constitution into practice

• Established the Cabinet

• All of the secretaries (ex. seceraties of education today)

Rapidly Expanding America

• Population doubling every 25 years

• Most people came from western Europe

• No restrictions on immigration

• People also began developing families

• Most people lived in rural areas in the east

American Finances:

• In debt

• Treasury Secretary Hamilton in change

• Fund at par: the federal government would pay off debts at face value, plus interest

• Assumption of state debts accumulated during the war

• Added to debt

• Hamilton wanted to turn to tariffs in order to pay off debt

• Excise tax on whiskey

• Not financially united

• States were separated and had different amounts of debt for their

• The federal government took in all of the debt of the states

• Hamilton wanted a national bank

• Opposed by Jefferson (no otherization in Constitution)

• Elastic clause: do what was proper and necessary to run the country

• Very flexible

• Support for the national bank in the north, opposition in the South

• Bank of the United States chartered in 1791 for 20 years

Political Parties

• Federalists

• Led by Hamilton

• Democratic-Rebulicans

• Led by Jefferson

Whiskey Rebellion

• 1794, western Pennsylvania

• All of western Pennsylvania

• In protest of Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey

• Washington dispensed 13,000 militiamen to put down the rebellion

• Not much of a rebellion left to put down

• Most people that rebelled were Democratic-Republicans

• Militiamen from each of the states

• You should only be dealing with issues in your state

• Show hows they all united and became the United State’s

• The turning point for George Washington’s army in terms of strengths

Diplomacy in the Midst of Migration

• Dealing with British and Spanish continued presence in North America

• US settlers continued to migrate beyond the Appalachians

• Needed free navigation of the Mississippi River

French Revolution

• During the Englightenment, human rights were preached by philosophers

• There were 3 social classes called the Estates

• King was the highest

• Nobles

• 3rd Estates (Peasants and lower class)

• Made up 98% of the population

• Only estate that got taxed

• Estates-General

• King Louis ordered a meeting of representatives from each of the estates

• Reign of Terror

• Over 20,000 were killed

• Killed people who didn’t support the Revolution or who weren’t seen as “patriotic” enough

War Between France and Britain

• Brought on by the French Revolution

• “Reign of Terror”

• Washington stayed neutral (Neutrality Proclamation, 1793)

• Hamilton loved this proclamation because it helped stay out of more debt

• Jefferson did not like it because his idea of neutrality is to pretend it is not happening (don’t say anything about what is going on ex. Don’t write the proclamation addressing it)

• Caused issues of free trade, foreign policy, and political disagreement for the US

Tensions with Britain

• Some British soldiers remained in the US, despite the peace treaty

• Conflicts between British soldiers and Native Americans

• 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers

• 1795: Treaty of Greenville

• Native Americans ceded territory for a small payment, right to hunt, and recognition of their independence

• British impressing American sailors into their navy

• Impressment: forcing people to join military

• Happened in the Revolution and was supposed to end after the separation

• Not British citizens or in British colonies

• War?

• Almost went into war again with Britan

• Chief Justice John Jay made a temporary peace treaty (Jay’s Treaty)

• British would leave America (maybe?) and pay for damage to American ships

• Stop impressing Americans

• Americans would pay back debts

• Had to get made because nobody remembered the Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Hamilton liked this treaty even though it added a bit of debt

• Jefferson hates sees this as us giving into Britan

Spanish Expansion

• Still enslaving the local American Indians

• Expanded mission settlements into California

• More opportunities for mobility and cultural blending

• Pickney’s Treaty (1795): Americans got free navigation of Mississippi, warehouse rights in New Orleans and part of Western Florida

• Effort to keep Spain out of an alliance with Britian

Native Americans

• Tenuous relationship with the federal government

• Continued problems with treaties and the Native American lands the government was seizing

Bill of Rights

• James Madison guided amendments through Congress

• The first 10 Amendments, ratified in 1791

• Judiciary Act of 1789: organized the Supreme Court

Formation of Political Parties

• 1790s: political leaders taking stands on issues

• Relationship between national power and the states

• Economic policy

• Foreign policy

• Balance between liberty and order

• Federalists (Hamilton)

• Democratic-Republicans Party (Thomas Jefferson, James Madision)

• Development of the 2-party system

George Washington’s Farwell Adress

• Washington chose to step down after 2 terms (8 years)

• Encouraged national unity

• Cautioned against political factions

• Warned about foreign alliances, encouraging only temporary alliances