2025 unit (idk)

4.9- The Development of an American Culture.

Changing culture:

Writers shifted away from enlightenment towards Romanticism- Less thinking more feeling.

Focused more on feeling, intuition, heroism, and individualism

Transcendentalists:

Questioned doctrines of churches and business

Challenge materialism

Look for god in nature

Supported aboloition

Ralph Waldo Emerson:

Popular writer and speaker

Self-reliance and independent thinking

Spiritual over material matters

Abolitionist.

Henry David Thoreau

Tested beliefs by living in woods for 2 years

Wrote book about experience called “walden”

Look for truth about life and universe in nature.

Thought US war with mexico was immoral.

Wouldn’t pay tax to fund it; jailed

Wrote “on civil disobedience”

Encouraged nonviolent movements in the future

Brook farm:

Utopian community meant to live out transcendentalist ideal.

Emerson, Margret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Communal Experiments:

Shakers:

Religious Communal Movement.

New Harmony:

Secular Community of Indiana.

Utopian, Socialist community.

Hated Market/Industrial Revolution.

Painting:

Genre Painting- Potrayed ordinary life like carrying out chores and voting.

Thomas Cole and Frederic Church- American landscapes

Hudson river school- American landscapes.

Arts and Literature:

Literature:

Romantic and distinctly American.

People more nationalistic after War of 1812

Wanted to read about Americans

Washington Irving

James Fenimore Cooper

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Herman Melville

Edgar Allen Poe.

4.10

The Second Great Awakening

Causes of Religious Reform and Revivals

Causes of religious Reform:

1. Growing Emphasis on democracy, Individualism, salvation.

   People more attracted to participatory services.

2. more emotional expression of religious fervor; influenced by Romanticism.

3. Fear surrounding the Market Revolution

More greed and sin?

Mobility encouraged people to look for worship settings outside of the ordinary.

Revivals:

SGA led by educated revereds

Inspired new generation of preacher

Audiance: centered, easily understood

Spoke about salvation for all.

Attractive for belivers in democracy.

Revivalism on the frontier

Charles Grandison Finney Starts revivals in upstate new york.

Appealed to emotion and fear of damnation.

individual saved through hard work

Like in market revolution- appealed to middle class.

Baptist and Methodist:

Traveling preachers would go from place to place and hold camp meetings.

New denominations

Religious fervor encouraged growth of new denominations

Seventh-day Adventists

Church of jesus christ latter-day saints

Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith in 1840’s

Moved often to avoid persecution

Led by brigham young to new zion in utah after murder of Joseph Smith

Known as Mormon Exodus.

Reform Backed by Religion:

Divison between older practitioners of the faith and new evangelical followers.

Encouraged social reform movements.

Religious groups provided the orginization and manpower to lead many reform movement in the antebellum era(before the civil war).

4.11

Improving Society:

Temprence

Alchol consumption believed to cause crime, poverty, abuse, and laziness.

American Temprence society formed, 1826

urged to abstain from alchol.

pre civil war - 12 states banned alchol

Public Asylums:

-Reformers believed mentall ill, criminals were affected by poor living conditions mistreatment.

Opening prisons, asylums would help cure them.

Mental Hospitals and Dorothea Dix

Campaigned around country to showcase horrible conditions for mentally ill.

States built new mental hospitals or improved institutions/

Prison Reform:

Asylum movement - Belief that structure and discipline would bring moral reform.

Build penitentiaries to provide moral education and discipline for criminals.

Public Education and Horace Mann

Massachusetts secretary of education.

Advocated for

Free public school

Compulsory attendence

Longer school year

Moral education:

Children should learn literacy and moral principles.

William Mcguffey - Textbooks taught reading as well as hard work

Punctuality - Mcuguffey reader.

Higher Education:

Religious enthusiam = growth of private schools

Some universities began accepting women.

Womens Rights:

Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke - Letters on the equality of the sexes and the condition of women (1838)

Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Lucretia mott- barred from antislavery convention, started campaign for women’s rights.

Seneca falls convention 1848 - first womens right convention

Ameican Colonization society:

Orginization advocating for removing free slaves from US, moving them to africa

First society made in Liberia in 1822

Most didnt want to leave

American Antislavery society

Radical abolitionism began with William Lloyd garrisons publication the liberator.

Advocated for immediate abolition of slavery.

AntiSlavery Movement:

Black abolitionists

Fredrick Douglass: Freed slave abolitionist

Could provide first hand expirence

Advocated for political action

Started anti-slavery journal The north start

Other AFrican American leaders helped organize efforts to assist fugitive slaves and move them to free territory.

Harriet Tubman, Sojourner truth

Violent Abolitionism:

David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet advocated that enslaved should revolt.

Nat Turner - 1831 - led revolt that killed 55 whites in Richmond, VA

4.12:

Free African Americans:

By 1860 there were about 500k free African Americans throughout the US

North:

1% of northern poulation were African American

Made up 50% of free African americans in the US.

Could: Maintain Family, own land, Work

Couldn’t: Vote, Hold jobs, Be in unions

Immigrants often replaced them in unskiller labor.

Formed orginization like African Methodist Episcopal Church

South: 250k free African Americans in south some emancipated during revolution, some bought own freedom.

Mos tlived in cities, owned land.

Couldn’t vote or hold certain jobs

In danger of being kidnapped by slave traders.

Resistance by Enslaved:

Restrained action

Enslaved people quietly subvered orders, slowdowns, equipment sabotage.

Runaway

Faced militias and slave hunters who would return them and get paid

Faced harsh punishment when returned

The underground railroad built by harriet tubman resulted in many enslaved people fleeing to the north

Also resulted in stricter slave laws in the south.

Rebellion

The successful slave revolt and the establishment of haitian government loomed over southern plantation owners.

Gabriel Prosser- 1800- virginia- slave revolt

Denmark vessy-1822-South Carolina

Nat turner- 1831-Virginia