target receptors: what do hormones and other signalling molecules bind to triggering specific response pathways?

feedback regulation and coordination: what in the nervous system is common in the endocrine system

circulatory system: where are hormones (chemical signals) secreted into to communicate regulatory messages

endocrine and nervous system: the two systems that coordinate communication throughout the body

endocrine system: system that secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting responses

nervous system: system that conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons through dedicated pathways (signals regulate other cells)

type of secreting cell, route taken by a signal in reaching its target: The ways signals are transmitted between animal cells are classified by which two criteria?

maintains homeostasis, regulates growth and development, mediates responses to stimuli: responsibilities of endocrine system

bloodstream: how do the hormones that are secreted into the extracellular fluid by endocrine cells reach to targets

local regulators: molecules that act over short distances and reach target cells only by diffusion

paracrine signalling: the target cells lie near the secreting cells & of different type

autocrine signalling: the target cell is also the secreting cell and/or the same type of cell

synaptic signalling: neurons form specialized junctions with target cells called synapses (paracrine is a muscle, autocrine if neuron)

neurotransmitters: at synapses, neurons secrete __ that diffuse short distances and bind to target cell receptors

neuroendocrine signalling: type of signalling where specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that travel to target cells via the bloodstream

pheromones: used by members of animal species to communicate; are chemicals that are released into the environment

polypeptides, amines from amino acids, steroid hormones: three major classes of hormones in vertebrates

lipid soluble hormones: pass easily through cell membranes (steroid hormones)

water-soluble hormones: don’t pass easily through the cell membrane (polypeptides and amines)

gas: Many cells can produce this that have local signalling effects due to their small size and lack of charge which allows for them to diffuse freely

proteins: many of the most familiar hormones are __ encoded by genes (insulin, growth factors)

amine hormones: hormones that are signalling factors produced from amino acids (neuronal signalling factors)

water-soluble hormones: hormones that are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell surface receptors

lipid soluble hormones: diffuse across cell membranes, travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins, diffuse through membrane of target cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

signal transduction pathway: binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to what?

epinephrine: multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short term stress; can trigger a pathway which breaks down glycogen which released glucose into bloodstream

change in gene expression: what is the usual response to lipid-soluble hormones? (can regulate transcription of specific target genes)

type of receptor and signal transduction pathway: same hormones can have different effects on cells depending on what?

thyroid hormones: hormones that regulate metabolism in vertebrates; also control the metamorphosis of the larva into adult in frogs

endocrine glands: where the endocrine cells are often grouped into ductless organs(thyroid, parathyroid, testes, ovaries); these secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid

exocrine glands: (salivary glands) ducts which carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities

regulatory pathways: hormones are assembled into __ __

Hormones are released from an endocrine cell, travel through the bloodstream, and interact with specific receptors within a target cell causing a physiological response

positive feedback loop: reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response (oxytocin)

negative feedback loop: loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

simple neuroendocrine pathway: In a simple neuroendocrine pathway, the stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which stimulates a neurosecretory cell • The neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone, which enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells

oxytocin: released from the posterior pituitary due to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

ecdysteroid: found in invertebrates where when in presence of juvenile hormone, moulting is promoted, but in absence of JH, the development of adult characteristics

posterior hypothalamus: which part of the hypothalamus stores and secretes hormones?

hypothalamus: what plays a central role in integrating the endocrine and nervous systems?

pituitary gland: is attached to the hypothalamus and has a posterior and anterior side

nervous, endocrine: The hypothalamus receives information from the __ system and initiates responses through __ signalling

posterior pituitary: the extension of the hypothalamus which stores and secretes hormones the hypo. makes (neurohormones)

anterior pituitary: extension of the hypothalamus which makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone: two hormones released from the posterior pituitary that act on nonendocrine tissue

oxytocin: regulates milk secretion by mammary glands

Antidiuretic hormone: (ADH - vasopressin) regulates physiology and behaviour

releasing and inhibiting: Hormone production in the anterior pituitary is controlled by __ and __ hormones secreted from the hypothalamus

tropic hormones: many anterior pituitary hormones act as __ __; regulate function of other endocrine cells or glands

thyroid hormone: a hormone that in humans and other mammals regulates many functions

tyroropin-releasing hormone (TRH): what is released by the hypothalamus when thyroid levels are low

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): secreting by anterior pituitary when TRH is released

Hypothyroidism: too little thyroid function, can lead to symptoms such as • Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance

Hyperthyroidism: excessive production of thyroid hormone, can lead to • High temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure

Malnutrition: (e.g., iodine deficiency) can alter thyroid function (e.g., disruption of negative feedback loop)

growth hormone (GH): the hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland that has tropic and nontropic effects; promotes growth directly

parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin: the two antagonistic hormones that regulate the homeostasis of calcium

parathyroid glands: what released parathyroid hormones

thyroid gland: what released calcitonin

increases level of blood Ca2+: what does PTH do

decreases level of blood Ca2+: what does calcitonin do

adrenal medulla (inner portion), adrenal cortex (outer portion): two glands of the adrenal gland

epinephrine and norepinephrine: what two things does the adrenal medulla secrete? (adrenal and nonadrenal); in response to stress

The adrenal cortex reacts to endocrine signals

corticosteroids: the adrenal cortex releases what after reacting to endocrine signals?

corticosteroids, glucocorticoids: what two corticosteroids are produced from the hormone cascade pathway