An extreme excess of antigen or antibody concentrations can inhibit secondary reactions.
The prozone and postpone phenomena must be considered, and the concentrations of antigen and antibody must be carefully determined for forensic serology assays.
Quality-control procedures can be used to estimate the amount of a specific antibody that is present, often via titration.
To titrate an antiserum, a series of dilutions are made and each dilution is then tested for activity using precipitation or agglutination methods.
Titer: The reciprocal of the highest dilution giving a positive reaction.
These are rapid, specific, and sensitive and can be used in both laboratory and field tests for species identification.
Hexagon OBTI and ABAcard HemaTrace® can utilize the antibody–antigen–antibody sandwich method by using antibodies that recognize human Hb.
RSID™-Blood use antibodies that recognize human GPA.
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