Cognitive psychology how our mind operates like a computer and how it processes and interprents our experiences, problem solves different decisions memories

Neuroscience perspective focus on howo the nervous system operates

Evolutionary physiology assumes that all species have evolved in ways to maximize the chances of their genes being passed on to their offspring.

Sociocultural perspective social and cultural factors to see how they shpe your behavior

Colllectivist Cultures

An iidentity is given by one’s
Group personal goals and group are the same
The goup goals have priority over the individual
Trust is placed in group decisons

Indivulist cultures

Identity is achieved by one’s own striving
Inddependiced is valued
Person and group goals are often inconsistent; personal goals have priority
Trust is placed in individual decision

Specilzation

Neuroscience- looks sthe the nuero system as a whole and the brain
Developmental psychology- the life span looking at conception through old age and how persosnaily changes over time physical cognitive & physical.
Experimental psychology- different psychological process like sensation motivation and learning (involed in all psychology.
Comparative- psychology different species and look at the similarities and diiffrences among them
Congitive- is under contemppry perspectives *
Personality psychology -how a person thinks sfeel and how thye behave
Socail psychology- a person can be influenced by others in social settings

Applied psychology

(Work in mental health phasilty priviate practice school or govment intusdtry)

Clinical psycology- focus on digianosing and treating a physcologicall disorder
Counsoluing -helps people with personal prolems like family therappy marrige and life coaching
Industial /organizational -someone who works in an organization H.R ways to motivate people and assthem to do better
Education& school -works in a k-12 school look and educational enviorment and how it affects the student’s learning environment and how to facilitate learning process

Day 2 [9-6-22]

1.3a

What are Scientific Methods

Helps gather information a set of procedures to gather analyze and interpret
Sample-a group of subjects selected to participate in research study (ex-surveys)
Population - identifiable group you pull sample from (ex-everyone in rolled in a school
Random selection- procedure used to select the sample from the population
Critical thinkinking - the process of deciding what to believe is ture and how to react based on careful evaluation of the evidence

Stages in the Reaseach process

1. Select a topic and seaching the literature

2. Develop a thereoy and formulate a hypothies

3. Sselticing siendifc method and submitting the study for ethical evaluation

4. Colleccting and analyzing data and reporting results

(Replicate research)

What makes a good theory

Preductive accuracy: Can the theory reliably pridect behavior?
Internal coherence: Are there logical inconsitanties between any of the theoretical ideas?
Economy- does the thereony only contain what is necessary to explain the phenomenon in question?
Fertility - does the theory generate research and can it be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors

The theory-Hypothesis

Hypothieses is needed to support theory

Gudielines for conducting research with human participants

1.provide enough information for the participants to freely f=give their informed consent

2. Be truthful whever possible decption soulld be used only when aboslutey nessary

3. Allow participants a right to decline at any point without negative consequences

4. Protect participants for both physical and psychological harm.

5. Ensure participant confidentiality

6. Debriefing participants after they have completedthier participation and you have completed the research

How do psychologist collect data

Self-reports - allow researcher to measure important subjective states (slight disadvantage [paricpant may be deceptive)
Direct observations- is what it is the researcher is observing the participant behavior
Archival information - existing documents used to gather information

Analizydata (two statictiscts)

Decsptive the numbers that are summerrized and describe the behavior of a particular sample of paripants in the study
Inferential -mathimatial that are used to determine whether the data supports the reashch hypothotheis

Diffrent methos of obervatinal research

Naturlistic- observe an individual in ther natural environment
Paripant- studying inducals with in a group of people in their natural environment (ex-undercover spying)
Case study - indepth analsys of a single subject usally a person (ex: celberity documentary)

What is correlational research

Looks at the relationship between two or maore variables
Surveys- a set stcexture of questions use to measure aditues, behaviors
Correlatation coefficient- a relationship between variables staticticcs of plus one to minus one (postive [up], negative [only one up]. or no relationship at all [neither move]

How do psychologist establish causation

Experinal research determines cause-effect relationships:
Independent variable(cause) - the reasearcher is going to manipulate the variable
Dependent independent (effect)- is what we are going to measure
Random assignment- randomly assigned to experimental and control conditon
Experimantal condition -the indiuvals that get the independent variable
Control condition - control individuals that do not get the independent variable
Represation of sample - random selection of populationon

Nofinal truths in science

Creation Science
A sienfic theory should the falibable

Chapter Summary Phsycology

has a rich history Psychologist use scientific methoes to study behavior and mental processing

Chapter 2

Day 3 9-8-22

Chapter 6

What is learning

A relitively permnate change in behavior that results from experience

Three perspectives

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which a neturl stimulant acquires the capacity to elicit a response after being paired with another stimulus

Uncontion response

Unconditioned simulus

Contidtioned response = Learned

Conditioned stimulus = A learned stimulus

Pavlov Apparatus establish the basis of classical conditioning

Stages of classical conditioning

Aqustion the initial stage of classical conditioning Durng, a previously neutral stimulus begins to arequire the ablity to elicit a conditioned response
Extinction the gradual weakening and diparense of the conditioned response when a condtion stimlus is repeatedly presented without being paried with the unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery reapnce of an exingused response after a period of a non-exposure to the condition’s stimulus

Classical conditioning is biological adaptation helps animals respond more quickly to events

Stimulus gernerilation: is tendency or condtion response to be iclst by stimuli like the condition stilus

Stimulus discrination: a conditioned response not to be illicit by stimuli like the conditioned stimulus

Higher order conditioning: Is building?...

Taste aversion: when you get food posion person does not eat the food again

The immune system: can be a contiton Classical conditioning

Oper Behavior

Law of effect: the behavior becomes likey based on its effect in retroceding desirable or undesirable consequences.

What is operant conditioning: where to behavor is strengthened if follow by renfocment and weaked if followed by punishment

Renforcemtn - is the process where a stimulant increases the probablity of the wich it follows

Renfocers

(Any stimulus for event that increseds thelikeyhood that the behavoir preceding it will be repeated

Primary: food water warmth and sexual contact

Secondary: are leared and bcome reenfoced by being asscated by the primary

Postive: A stimulus that stengeths a response by presented a present for desired stimulus

Negtive: a stimulus at strentghes a response by removing an averside or unpleasant stimulus after a response.

Punishment

The process by wich a stimulus de creases the probability of the behavior it follows.

Positive: it weakes a response by preswenting a stimulus after a response

Negative: negative punishment weakenns a respones by removing a positve stimulus after a response

Diffrent secdules

Continus reinforcement schedule provides a reinforcer everytime a correct response is given

Partial renfocemnt where a renfocers in proved only part of the times where a correct response is given

Acidental Rendforcemnt (can caouse supertious behavior)

Skinner’s pigeons

Athletes and sports fans

Shaping: pROSES OF TECHERING A NEW BEHAVIOR BY RENFOCING CLOSEER and closer approximation to the desired behavior

How to shape behavior

Identify what the respondent can do now
Inderifly the desired behavior
Identity potential renmofrcers in the respondent environment
Break into small substeps
Move respondet from entry to the desired behavior renforcing each approximation to the desired behavior

Obsovational learning (a behavior learned from observations and learning)

Mirror neurons specalized nural circuits in the cerebral cotex (important in observational learning)

Chapter 7 (Memory)

1.What is Memory

The mental process by which information is encoded and sotred in the brain, and later retrived

2.A Useful Model for Human Memory

Information processing mode-l (like memory but like a computer)

Three Processes

Encoding -Orginze and transform into memory
Storage - Maintain the information encoded for a period
Retrievial- retrieve or recover it so it can be used

Three Memory Systems

Long-term - the phase or type of memory responsible for the storage of information for an extended period
Short-term - the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short interval.
Sensory - visual auditory

How long does sensory memory last

Iconic - Anything that we visually process within the sensory memory

Echoic - Adudiptory senopry memory brief no longer than 4 seconds

Working memory

Encoding duration 18 sec
Storage Capacity - no more than seven items within short term memory
Chunking - Created by chorge miller (Orginize the items into a meaningful unit)
Mantince rehearsal - Repetitive processes to record info longer (ex: Muliplacction tables, Lisence plates, Songs.
Elabortive rehearsal - Takes the new information and relates it to something already stored in the long term memeory

Long term Memory (unlimited, perminent)

Explected Memory- Delaritve memory

Episodic Semantic - day and time (ex: autobiographical memories birthday party)
Semantic Memory - General knowledge and facts no assoced with episodic memoery (ex: Ann richards Texas government

Implicit memory (non delacritve memory) Previous experiences you dont must recall

Procudeural Memory - (walking, driving a car, Chef,)
Classically Conditioned Memory - Memory of something you dont or do want to do again (ex: Food)

Schemas -How information is clustered intp cohernit holes orginene and repearrredly exersiise patterns of thought for behavior

Bransford and johnson 1972 -

Culurral unity- plays an inmorant from in shemea development Curlturl will shape the shecmes development in what we decide to encode and retrieve later from long term memory

Level of processing model

Denies the extaence of distance between long term memory and short tem the deeper information is process the more likey it is to be recalled

Shallow processing uses maintenance rehearsal when encoding auditory information

deep processing elaborative rehearsal tend to have longer retion with deep processing

Memeory May

Serial processing where brain prossesinfromation like a computer but very slowly

Parallel processing when millions of neurons are released throughout the brain and are all active at once.

Parallel desburioing processing model a memory when a large network of processing units disturpited throughout the brain similotanouslly work on different memory task.

Memory retrieval

Recall- where you use explicit memory to retrieve and reproduce infromartion from memory.

Recognition - a retiveval from explicit memory but you must rember the information that you need to remember

Tip-of -the-tounge-phenomenon - temporary inability to remember something you know

Retrvail cues Help trigger recall

Reteval que- a stimulus that more eaially allows us to recall information from long term memory

State-Dependent memory - the tendency for retrieval for memory to be better when our state of mind during retrieval matches our state of mind during retrieval.

Encoding spectifiety principle - when the conditions at retrieval closely match the conditions prescent during the original learning

Source Confusion

Memoeyr allsion when we forget the treu source of the episodec memory and it is shaped by elicit remembering.

Deja vu illusion - a memory allusion where people feel familiar in a situation that they have never encountered before.

Cryptomnesia - a memory allusion in which people believe that work they have done is a novel creation when infact it is not an original (unknown plagiarism)

Memories ----

Infintiale amnesia - The inability to rember events during the early parts of life before 3

Misiniformation effects - distortions and alterations in a witness memory due to reciveing miss leading inforation during questioning.

Flashbulb memories - detailed vivid memorinreees of surprising and emotion provoking events

How do we forget Inrerfence before for after a giving money can hender the ability to rember it

Retroactive - forgetting due to interfnce from newly learned information Proactive - forgetting due to inferring from a previous learned inference

Absent mindedness - A lapse of attentionthat results in a failure to recall information

Motivated forgetting - forgetting due to an unpleasant or disturbing memory

Suppression- a type for forgetting that occurs consciously

Repression- mottivaed forgetting unconsciously

Neural basis

Longterm potentiation

Consolidation - The process for nural connections that become stronger and new memories become lasting or long-term memories

Reconciliation- when memories are retrieved from long term memory then used in working memory and sorted again for retrieval later

Anterograde amnesia the inability to form to long term memories due to physical injury to the brain

Retrograde amnesia the loss of information pervioulsy stored in long term memory due to physical injury

Devlopment - the systematic physcial congnitive and social changes iin the indivual that occur between conception and death

Pretatal devlopment

Germinal - first two weeks start with concption and ends with implantation (zygote)

Embryotic - Week 3-8 embryo size one inch long, body systems and organs are formed

Fetal- Last and longest start at week nine until birth body and nervous systems continue to grow

Rick factors

Parental age - age is outside of 17-35 chromosome abnormalities/ men over forty could have damage spem that could have genetic abnormalities

Maternal nutrition - the mom is the only source of nutrition for the fetus could lead pemature, underweight & fetus that could have intelctual disablity

Teratogens - any diseasce drug or noctions agent could lead to abonormal prenatal devolpment ex: Malnutriton

how Brain develops

Infants are born with reflexes

Eyeblink - protects from bright light & forem objects

Sucking - on anything placed in the mouth

Rooting - turing check in dircyion of touch in cearch of something to suck on

Swallowing - alloes to recive nuriment and protects aginst choking

primitive reflexes

Babinski - splaying outwork and then inward of toes

Grabbing -cculiing of fingers from objects that touch the palm

Morrow/startle - throwing arms out and arching of back due to loud noise or sudden movement

Stepping -walking movements when held upright so that the feet just touch the ground

Senses functional prior to birth

Audition - the is evidence before birth during the last two months of pregnacy the fetus can hear sounds and regonize it.

Vision- not as devloped newborns can see but not as clearly by the age of 6 months the vision is fully developed.

Taste and smell- infants can taste and smell positive and negative facial expracions to odrs and sweet taste can reghinize the smell of mother’s sand breast milk

Touch- devlloped priot to bitrth they can feel temputae pain and pressure.

Atachment -A strong emotional bond a young child forms with its caregiver, Simleing cooing and clinging que they had given to caregiven.]

Secure attachment style - when the parent tends to the childs need

Insecure -when parents do not attend to cholds needs

Self-concept the primary achievement of childhood

Socialization- learning the ways of a given society or group well enough to beagle to function by their rules

Self- arweness- sphycologiacl state as you focus on yourself as an object of attention

Self-esteem - overall evaluation of your self-concept

Paranting styles

Athoritative - set rules enforce rules but do allow some freedom

Athoitatian - many rules demand strict obentnce from children punish harshly

Permissive - parents dono tset rules children set the rules parents submit to children

How to children learn about gender

Masculity - atribuets behaviors and social roles that cultrally define what is being a male

Femininity - same but female

Ambivalent sexisim - sexism directied aginst womens based on postive and negitive aditudes

Gender identity the knlge that one is male or female and interialization of this into one’s self concept

Erik person (social development)

Infancy trust vs mis trust)- develop trust with the primary care giver

Todlerhood (automany vs shmae and doubt) 1-2 begin to develop independence and physical and mental ablities

Preschool (initive v.s guilt) 3-5 devlope initive beyod just expressing atonomy

Elementary - (industry vs inferiority) 6- puberty begin to enjoy and take pride in making this and

Iadolsnse (identity vs role confusion) 13-18 adolescent will experience identity crisis teens must figure out where they fit into the world

Young adult (Intamcy vs idolation) young adults around nineteen must find a life partner or expeect to be alone

Middle adult hood (gerativity ns stagnation) the disre to guide the next genration if not the person becomes stagnant

Late adulthood (integrity vs despair) …...?

Congoive devollment (piagets

Assimilltion - where new information in concortrated into existing schemas Accommodation- taking an existing schema and modifying it to create a new schemea

Seniorimotor state Birth to 2 years

Child is beijing to understand the world around through actions

object perance -somethiogn continues to exist even when out of sight

Peropertstional stage two to 6years

Children will use words and images play

Engocentrisim

pretend play

aninstic thinking

language

Concrete operational 7-11

Thinking about concrete events understanding concrete analogies conservation

Mathemnatial transformation

Formal operational :11 years through adulthood)

Abstract reasoning

Abstract logic

Private speech - talking to self-young children

zone proximal development - looking what the child can do by themself then going to a more skilled adult or child

Information processed stored & actively melnulated

Speed of prosessig information -increcses some abilities become automatic

Memory strategies - not used befor the age of five after will use rehearsal (matince) older children will use elaborate

Metacognitive - awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

Chapter 10 :>

Personality - is the consistent and distinctive thoughts feelings and behaviors in which an individual engages

What shapes personality

Culture -

Evolutionary Processes -

What is Psychoanalytic Perspective

Freud - Psychologist most parties women complain about nervous system talk therapy (psychoanalytic)

Glove anesthesia - psychology was refred to as (describes numbness in the entire hand)- cannot because by nerves:

Fred’s Psychosexual Stages

Oral (0-1) - pleasure baby engaging in oral activities (adult becomes clingy)

Anal (2-3) - Child derives pleasure from defecation toilet training begins conflict arises (Adult becomes excessively neat or orderly) retentive anal (when adult in mess have issues with authority)

Phallic (4-5) - child derives pleasure from masturbation (boys will be erratic about mom girls will be erratic with dad)

Latency (6-11) - child is free from sexual desires and conflict child is challenging energy into other things

Genital (puberty onward) - mature sexual feeling emerge ego learns to manage and direct those feelings

Defense mechanism

Ego’s way of keeping tethering and unexcitable material out of consciousness
Repression - uncounsiously pushing memory out of memory
Rationalization- logical self-justifying explanations for their action in place of real for the more anxiety producing unconscious reason
Reaction Formation - allows people to express unacceptable feelings or ideas by consciously expressing the exact opposite
Displacement - redirecting one's anger to a more acceptable object or person
Projecting - when we project our own feelings and emotion onto someone else
Regression - a return to a former or less developed state.

Adler individual psychology (sibling rivalry feeling for inferiority motivated people to accurize undevoted skill and develop untapped poq

Carl juung - initial phycology p people are motivated by a social growth (arch types are passed down from our ancestors.

Introverts hesitant and conscious

Extroverts tend to be socially outgoing

Karen Horney – social factors played a larger role

Humanistic perspective

Peoples innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices

Rogers Person Centered theory

unconditional positive regard complete acceptance of what person has done but focus on the good ness of what they done.

Acceptance of another person only when he or she meets your standards

Self-actualization – satisfy iout basic need

Peak expertness – intense monmets when a peron feels happy absorbed and capable

Trait perspective

Relitively stable tendency to behave in a parctular way across a variety if situations

Allport- belived that physclogist should describe and measure the basic factors of personality

Cattel- wanted to use factor anallsys to study personality

Eyesenck- used factor anasys along with factorable personality to describe persionality

OCEAN

Openness to experience- addvertious to less open to new experiences

Conscientiousness – a persons willing ness to conform to others expectation and to follow through

Extraversion – outgoing energetic and bold vs intover who is shy quiet ans reserved

Agreeableness - friendl- friendy compliance with others to hostile antagonism

Neuroticismm – how people diffent from axcoius, high sturg, and inscure vs relaxed calm and content

Positive phycology

Closely related to human phsy and how people make their livers happy and fulliing

Chaterstrenth – is a trait in it allows opimum fuctiosing in persueing a virtue

Virtue – a core human chacterisitic

Via (values in action) – looks at 24 universal chcter strengths across six virtual catogies that deine what is best about people (wisdom knolge courage humanaity justice transencence temerrance)

Social Cognitive perspective - processes of the person interacting with his or her social environment.

Reciprocal determinism

Our personality emerges from an ongoing mutual interaction between a person cognition their actions and the environment

Self-efficacy-ma persons belief about his or her ability to perform behaviors that bring a desired outcome

Locus Control-The outcomes in our lives depend on our own actions and personal chtewrisic versios sthe actions of uncontrlable envoremntal chatertristics

Internal locus people who bevile that coucomes occur based on own efforts

External people believe that outcomes are outside of tgier own control

Social Cognitive

Self-concept -

Self-esteem - person evaluation of his or her self-concept

Self-perving the buster and defined self-esteem by taking credit for positive thing while denying negative

Projective test – a situation that reveal inclusion motives and desires

Rorschach block test

Thematic apperception test

Objective test – direct unambiguous question about though feeling, behavior

MMPI – Phycological disorders

MBTI – sixteen cats. on four different dimensions used for careers

Chapter 11 : Disorders

Medical Model -the view point that psychological disorders have a biological basis (18^th century) Symptom, Diagnosis, Etiology, Prognosis

Psychological Disorder -A pattern of atypical behavior that results in personal distress or significant impairment in a person’s social or occupational functioning

Etiology Of Psychological Disorders (Perspectives- Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Sociocultural, Biological)

Risk and benefits of Diagnostic Labels

Risk -

Benefits -

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) - Published 2013 Latest – classification system used for classifying psychological disorders

What Are Anxiety Disorders

Disorders Characterized by distressing persistent fear and anxiety and maladaptive behavior

Panic Disorders (and agoraphobia) – Characterized in tense fear suddenly and unexpectedly (agoraphobia specific situation)

Specific Phobias – Intense fear of something ex: Airplanes, Insects

Social Anxiety disorder – Fear of getting Infront of other people

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)- Worries about anything an everything

Etiology of Anxiety Disorder - Genetic or Biological

What is obsessive compulsive disorder?

A disorder Characterized by repetitive unwanted and distressing actions and /or thoughts

Obsessions – Persistent involuntary thoughts or images that causes stress

Compulsion – receptiveness of the action times

Body dysmorphic disorder – preoccupation with an imagined physical defect that causes stress or interferes with daily functioning

Hoarding Disorder – the person is saving items to handle their anxiety

Etiology of obsessive-compulsive and related disorder

What are Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders?

Reactive Attachment Disorder - Children are emotional withdrawn from adult caregivers

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)- flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of life threating or traumatic events

Etiology of trauma and stressor related disorder – environmental stressors etc.

What are dissociative disorders?

Disorders characterized by disruptions in consciousness memory sense of identity or persecution

Dissociative Amnesia -Person cannot remember specific event or events cannot remember their life history

Dissociative identity disorder -Two or more distinct identity or personality & take turn controlling person’s behavior

Etiology of Dissociative disorders

What are Depressive and Bipolar Disorders?

Depressive Disorders –

Major depressive disorder – inability to experience this they once enjoyed

Persistent Depressive disorder – low level chronic last about two years

Bipolar Disorder -

Bipolar disorder -Swings between emotional mania and

Etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders – biological and genetic Neural imbalance

The symptoms of Manic and depressive states?

Emotional, Physiological, Behavioral, Cognitive

What is Schizophrenia?

A disorder Characterized by severe impairments in thinking -most severe

Positive Symptoms – excesses of the norm. hallucination delusions

Negative symptoms – Flat or bult affect Slurs speech improper hygiene

Cognitive symptoms – genetics

Etiology of schizophrenia –

What are personality Disorders?

Disorders characterized by general styles of living that are ineffective and lead to problems

Ex: Antisocial disorders no regard for people except themselves

Etiology of personality disorders - genetic

Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric)

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

Cluster B (Dramatic or Erratic)

Historic, Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial

Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful)

Avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

Chapter 12: Therapy

What Are The Two Board Categories Of Therapy

Psychotherapy -Therapy used to treat psychological disorder personal relationship between client and therapist

Biomedical therapy – used to treat phycological disorders by altering brain function with physical or chemical intervention

Three Primary Mental Health Professions Provide Therapy

Psychiatrist – Trained to deal with mental and emotional disorders

Social Workers – Hold master’s in social work

Phycologist – Will hold a master’s degree or doctorial (either in philosophy or psychology)

What Are Psychodynamic Therapies

A diverse group of psychotherapies based on the work of Freud that assert the psychological disorders stem primarily from unconscious forces

What Is Psychoanalysis

Freud
Insight-oriented – talk therapy bringing things to life
Catharsis – bpriging out pent-up emotion

What is Free Association

When the client will say what’s on their mind

Transference – The client develops feelings for their therapist (positive or negative)

Countertransference – Where the therapist has feelings for the client

Resistance – the client is sabotaging the therapeutic process

What Are Behavior Therapies

Psychotherapies the apply learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior

Some Behavior Therapies Rely On Classical Conditioning

Counterconditioning – classical conditions procedure where we condition, we responses to stimuli that triggers unwanted behaviors

Systematic desensitization – counter conditioning technique used the treat phobias (client is gradually exposed to the feared object while remaining relaxed)

Response prevention – Counter Conditioning technique used for people with OCD (Client will no longer be able to professor the ritual that they used to preform)

Aversive Conditioning – a classically conditioned aversive response which is conditioned to occur in response to a stimulus previously associated with a undesired behavior

What Is Token Economy

A technique which uses reward and punishment to modify the behavior of groups of people

How Is Observational Learning Used

Modeling – Therapist is going to model behavior to client so the clint can achieve the desired behavior

Social Skills training – Client taught how to interact with other individuals

What Are Cognitive Therapies

Psychotherapies that focus on identifying and then modifying dysfunctional patterns of thought

What Is Rational Emotive Therapy

Albert Ellis
People are confronted with their irrational beliefs
People are persuaded to change their thinking

What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Aaron Beck
Identifies and changes negative behavior and thinking
Cognitive and behavior principles are used

What Are Humanistic Therapies

Psychotherapies that help people get in touch with their feelings, with their” true selves”, and purposes in life

What is Client Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers
Conditional positive regard
Unconditional positive regard

What Is Gestalt Therapy

Frederick Perls
More directive than client-centered therapy
Empty chair technique

There Are Other Forms Of Psychotherapy

Child Therapy
Play therapy – Child will be given toys and paper so child can draw what is troubling them
Group therapy – Simultaneous treatment under the guidance of a therapist
Self-therapy – Group of people get together not lead by a therapist
Family therapies – Modify the dysfunctional relationship among the family unit
Family systems therapies- Where the family is treated in a family dynamic system
Couples therapy – A couples therapy designed to improve relation ship

What Are Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs that treat delusions, hallucinations and loose associations
Block dopamine receptors
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and Clozapine (Clozaril) are examples

What Are Antidepressant Drugs

Drugs that treat depression Increase norepinephrine and/or serotonin at receptor sites

What Are Antianxiety Drugs

Drugs that have a calming effect
Inhibit the GABA neurotransmitter
Alprazolam(Xanax) and diazepam(Valium) are examples

Is Electroconvulsive Therapy Used

Effective treating severe depression
Side effects confusion memory loss
Impaired motor coordination

Psychosurgery Removes Portions of the Brain

What Is Deep Brain Stimulation

Stimulating specific brain regions by surgically implanting electrodes
Effective in treating severe depression

Chapter 13: Emotion, Stress, and Health

What are emotions?

A positive or negative feeling state that typically includes a combination of the following:

Physiological arousal
Cognitive appraisal
Behavioral expression

Emotions Facilitate Survival

Charles Darwin – our emotions are inborn and passed down though our ancestors
Paul Ekman -research comparing us and Japanese individuals and conclude that our emotions are universal and facial expressions are the same. Individualist culture express positive and negative emotions
Seven primary emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, surprise, contempt, sadness)

Emotions Can Result In Bodily Responses

The autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic: (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic: Brings this back to normal

Two Contrasting Theories of Emotion

James-Lange theory – emotion provoking events will induce specific physiological changes in the autonomic nervous system which our brain will interpret as a specific emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory -emotion provoking events simultaneously induces both physiological responses and subjective states that are labeled as emotion

What Brain Regions Coordinate Emotional Responses

The hypothalamus – activate the autonomic system & release hormones though endocrine system
The limbic system – … idk
The prefrontal cortex – houses our experience with various emotions we have experienced

What Is the Two-Factor Theory

According to Schacter and singer, emotions are based on two factors

Physiological arousal

Cognitions

Three Theories of Emotion.

Look on pp

What is Stress?

Our response to events that disturb or threaten to disturb our physical or physiological equilibrium

What Are Stressors?

External or internal events that challenge or threaten us

Major cataclysmic events – Natural disasters

Major personal events – Birthday party, weddings

Daily hassles – everyday life ex traffic

General Adaptation Syndrome

G.A.S - A model of stress in which an event that threatens a person well being leads to a three-stage bodily response

Alarm stage – bodies resistance temporarily drops below normal due to the shock of the stressor
Resistance stage – the body as at the highest state of resistance to stress
Exhaustion– the resistance deciles as the bodies resources become depleted

“Flight Or Flight” Is Not The Only Stress Response

Men and women display different responses
Tend-and -Befriend response

Psychophysiological Illness Are Stress Related

The cardiovascular -
The immune system – the bodies defense system
Psychoneuroimmunology – the study of the relationship between the psychological factors and physical illness

Cognitive Appraisal And The Stress Response

Cognitive appraisal – how we exam determine and
Primary appraisal the initial evaluation of the situation
Secondary – weather or not you have the resources to cope with the stressor
Problem focuses versus emotion focused coping
Problem focused- a coping strategy designed to reduce the stress by over coming the sources of the problem
Emotion focused – designed to manage the emotional reaction to stressor rather than change the stressors themselves

What Moderates The Stress Response