Formal Education

• Refers to the learning that takes place inside the classroom, with various structured subjects.

Nonformal Education

• Which is considered an alternative or complementary to formal education, where the students are assessed by their skills.

Perspectives on Education

• Aside from reachng subjects, schools also function as an agent of socialization. It formally integrates members to the society and prepares them to perform the roles society and other social institutions demand from them. Various sociological perspecives offer distinctive views of education as a social institution.

Functionalist Perspective

• The social institution of education, like other social institution, has manifest (overt) and latent (hidden) functions. Basic manifest function of education - is to transmit knowlegde and skills to students.

Latent functions of education - include transmitting culture, promoting social integration, maintaining social control and serving as an agent of change.

Transmitting culture

• One of the latent functions of education is to transmit the dominant culture of the society by exposing students to the beliefs, norms, and values of the culture. By transmitting culture, perservation of cultural heritages is ensured from one genration to another; thus, culture can survive the passing of time and changing of people.

Promoting social integration

• Schools, unlike other social institutions, fomally integrate students in the society. Every year, you can find a new classmate and friend in a formal structure. There are no awkward or uncomfortable introductions because one is required to know other students in the class.

Maintaining social control

• As discussed in previous modules, social control is a technique and strategy to prevent deviant behavior. Schools also employ social control to ensure order and productivity among students.

Serving as an agent of change

• In schools, students learn various lessons, thus simulating their desire for more impactful knowlege. This knowledge can cater to desires for change in the society, and it is in the context that schools promote transformation of lives.

Conflict Perspective”

Social inequality

• Conflict perspective sees this as unjust discrimination to other students with lower placement. In the Philippine curriculum, it can also be seen in placement for the choice of learner's strand in senior high school, by offering some subjects in certain tracks, strands, or specialization.

Hidden curriculum

• hidden curriculum refers to the set of values and beliefs that support the status quo, including the existing social stratification. It emphasizes unwritten rules, values, and perspectives that the students must learn in school.

Credentialism

• It has been accepted that education is central to social stratification. Those who have earned college degrees are seen as essential workers in the society; thus, they have a higher acceptance rate in employment as compared to those with undergraduate credits or high school

Labelling

• This can be attributed to labeling of students to their peers within the school. Those labels usually stick to the person even when he or she grows, and it can turn into emotional baggae, especially if the label is negative.

Bullying

• Is unwanted and aggressive beavior toward another, usually caused by inferiorty complex of the bully. It is an inhumane action toward the victims, who are always at a disadvantage or are less powerful.

Teacher expectancy

• The way the teacher conducts himself or herself inside the classroom towards his or her students greatly influence how the students will grow and develop. The teacher expectancy theory states that when the teacher expects the students to perform poorly, the students perform as such; contarily, when the teacher expects the students to perform good in class, the students aso perform well.!

The K to 12 Curriculum:

• Transforming Philippine Education In 2013, the Philippine government implemented a major educational reform with the introduction of the K to 12 curriculum. This reform added two years of senior high school to the existing 10-year basic education system, bringing the total years of basic education to 12

Mother Tounge-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE)

• K to 12 Curriculum introduced Mother Tounge-Based multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) in 2013, starting in grades 1- 3 with 12 languages, including Bicolano, Cebuano, and Tagalog.

The program expanded in subsequent years, allowing elementary students to learn in their native language or the region's primary language.

Senior high School

• K to 12 Curriculum expanded high school to 6 years, with the last two years dedicated to Senior High School. Students now choose from four tracks- Academic: Technical-Vocational (TVL), sports and arts/Design. The Academic track offers five strands: STEM, ABM, HUMSS, GAS, and Maritime.

Career Guidance and Exploration

• Choosing a strand in senior high school is a significant decision that can impact a students's future. It's crucial for students to engage in self-reflection, consider their strengths, and explore their career aspirations before making a choice.

Distance Learning

• Distance learning entails the use of various video conferencing applications that require the use of gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers. Some schools, especially public schools, have decided to use modular distance learning, which entails the use of modules in either printed ir digitized formats to facilitate distance education.

Loss of Function

The new normal in education has shifted the traditional classroom to a virtual space.

Students now take on more responsibility for their own learning, while parents must provide additional support at home. The loss of face-to-face interaction presents challenges for social development, highlighting the need for adaption and collaboration in this new educational landscape.

Gaps in Education

The pandemic also highlighted gaps in the education sector. One common problem is the economic inequality.

Stratification - is defined as an arrangement and/or classification according to a certain criterion.

This arrangement was evident even in early human societies and was beneficial because it helped ancient communities divide certain tasks (division of labor) for their band/tribe to organize tasks for survival and efficiency.

The Concept of Stratification

Social Stratification started with the concept of division of labor.

DIVISION OF LABOR

• An economic system of separating work into various components, with each component performed by various employees.

Division of Labor

• In Bands & Tribes

• Simple hunting and gathering societies were established, men would hunt, while women would gather.

• In more Complex Agricultural Societies

• Some would do the planting and harvesting while other would take care of the domesticated animals.

• In more Modern Complex Societies

Social stratification is more evident in various types of work such as government employees, traders, farmers, butchers, artisans, etc.

Division of Labor

These simple stratifications are then MOLDED into complex one as time and society becomes larger.

Social Stratification

• It is the division, ranking, and/or classification of a society based on various factors such as wealth, power, and prestige, which are collectively known as social desirables.

This stratification always manifests an upper and lower social class, which always show a distinctive wealth and power, as well as opportunities and prospects of each member of the society.

Social Stratification & Inequality

• Sociologists recognized this as society-wide system, wherein patterns of inequality are seemingly accepted

• in all aspects--economic, political, or even familial.

How the society was structured can affect an individual's standing in his or her own society; no one can be blamed as to how these structures were made.

• It can also be considered a cultural universal, wherein there exists a form of stratification in all society.

  Social Stratification

  • Members of the upper class always show a distinctive wealth and power, while members of the lower class are always sidelined from such opportunities because of their lack of influence, power, and wealth.

  Sociological Perspectives on Social Stratification

  • There are multiple sociological perspectives on social stratification. The most notable of these perspectives are as follows:

  Functionalist Perspective

  • American sociologists Kingsley David and Willbert Moore viewed social stratification in the lens of functional perspective.They argue that social stratification is a representation of the unequal importance of various work performed.

  Functionalist Perspective

  • DAVIS-MOORE HYPOTHESIS

  stratifying the members of the society is a functional necessity; thus, it benefits the society.

  Functionalist Perspective According to Davis and Moore:

  o Stratification motivates an individual to train and perform complex roles in the society.

  o They also argue that the most difficult or undesirable jobs should be taken by people because they are

  necessary for the society.

  o They stressed the concept of functional importance in which jobs or people that are more beneficial to the

  society should be compensated more.

  Conflict Perspective

  • Sociologists such as Karl Marx posited the conflict theory in which it is argued that social stratification should not exist in the society, as only a few members benefit from it, while the rest suffers. The bourgeois for instance, would profit the most in the company when their employees, who do the work, earn measly wages only.