て form + いただけませんか is for making polite requests
more polite than ください when requesting from a non-peer (professor, boss, stranger)
手伝っていただけませんか。
て form + くれませんか is a request roughly equal to ください
most appropriately used with a host family
more formal version of てくれる
ちょっと持ってくれませんか。
て form + くれない can be used in any casual context
specifically good for friends/peers
それとってくれない。
Used for saying you hope something nice happens by taking the present tense short form of a verb and adding といいですね or といいね
いいアルバイトを見つかるといいですね。
雨がふらないといいね。
といいですね is only for wishing good luck to someone other than yourself. To say you hope for your own good, you can use といいんですが or といいんだけど. This suggests a more tentative attitude and makes the speaker seem modest
試験がやさしいといいんですが。
8時の電車に乗れるといいんだけど。
In general these forms can only be used when you have no control over the outcome you’re hoping for
時 is used to describe when something happens or happened
Formation:
sentence A時、sentence B → when A, B
(time reference)、(main event)
sentence A ends with either short form present or past tense depending on the context
な-adjectives: keep the な before 時
好きな時
Nouns: add a の after the noun and before 時
猫の時
Present tense
If at the time B (main event) takes place, A is current or still “in the future, use present tense with A
As long as A comes after B it’s present tense, regardless if the entirety of both events took place in the past
カナダに行く時、ビザをとります。
カナダに行く時、ビザをとりました。
Present tense can also be used if A and B happen simultaneously
Past tense
If at the time of B (main event) A is already in the past, use past tense with A
Past tense can be used even if both events have yet to take place
中国に行った時、おみやげを買います。
中国に行った時、おみやげを買いました。
Describes things you’ve done and want to apologize for using て form + すみませんでした
casually, すみませんでした can be replaced with ごめん
しゅくだいをわすれてすみませんでした。
しゅくだいをわすれてごめん。
when wanting to apologize for failing to do something, short negative て form is used (なくて)
しゅくだいを持ってこなくてすみませんでした。
もってはやくいわなくてごめん。
This そうです differs in its use and predicates from the lesson 13, instead of describing how “something looks like”, it presents information as a hearsay report or stating that what is being said was heard from an external source.
when using そうです the reported speech keeps its tense and polarity, the predicate just turns into short form
nouns and な-adj are followed by the particle だ
I hear that…
Verb: 話すそうです
い-adj: さびしいそうです
な-adj: すきだそうです
Noun: 学生だそうです
It looks like…
Verb: doesn’t work grammatically
い-adj: さびしそうです
な-adj: すきそうです
Noun: doesn’t work grammatically
To specify the source of information, you can preface a sentence with 〜によると
トムさんによるとたけしくんはびょうきになる。
In informal speech, you can add って at the end of a sentence as a replacement for そうです to quote what you’ve heard
って is the informal variant of the quotation particle と and follows short forms, and can be used before verbs like 言う
メアリーさんは今日はいそがしいって。
チョコレートを食べすぎたって言ってた。
たら refers to conditional (if) dependence, where with AたらB, whatever happens in B (event, action, situation) is realized if and when condition A is met
日本に行ったら、着物を買います。
Note that when you say AたらB you cannot express a sequence of events where B occurs before A, they have to happen at the same time or after.
Formation: short form past tense endings of predicates
Verbs: short form past tense + ら
読む → よんだら
よまない → よまなかったら
い-adj: remove い add かったら
やさしい → やさしかったら
やしくない → やさしくなかったら
な-adj: add だったら
しずかだ → しずかだったら
しずかじゃない → しずかじゃなかったら
Nouns: add だったら
休みだ → 休みだったら
休みじゃない → 休みじゃなかったら
Sometimes the clause before たら describes a possible condition, and the clause after it is the consequence that follows. Whether or not this condition is met is an open issue
山下先生に会ったら、そのことを聞こうと思います。
The たら clause describes a very probable condition, and the second clause describes the event that will take place as soon as the situation is realized. With this use, たら simply arranges future events and activities based on their timing
しゅくだいが終わったら、あそびに行きましょう。
The last way it can be used is to describe a condition that is purely hypothetical and its probable result
私がねこだったら、一日中ねているでしょう。
前に is used to describe the event before which something happens (B before A)
The verb that precedes 前に is always present tense
Basic structure for its use is: verb A (short form, present) + 前に verb B
ジーンズを買う前に、はいてみます。
てから is used to describe the event after which something happens (A, and then B/B after A)
Basic structure for its use is: verb A + てから verb B
勉強してから、あそびに行きました。
To describe what you do not need to do, take a negative sentence in short form, drop the final い or ない, and add くてもいいです → なくて is the negative て form
くつをぬがなくてもいいです。
プレゼントは高くなくてもいいです。
To express the idea that something or somebody resembles the thing/person described by the noun, みたいです is used following that noun. The resemblance noted is usually in terms of external characteristics (but not always)
私の父はカーネルおじさんみたいです。
みたい can also follow a short form verb (of any polarity) and express that something “appears to be the case”
雨がふったみたいです。
あの人はおなかがすいてみたいです。
あの人はきのうの夜ねなかったみたいです。
Transitive verbs describe situations in which people act on things, while intransitive verbs describe changes that things or people undergo. Certain verbs come in transitive/intransitive pairs:
Transitive
あける (open something)
しめる (close something)
いれる (put something in)
だす (take something out)
つける (turn something on)
けす (turn something off)
こわす (break something)
よごす (make something dirty)
おとす (drop something)
わかす (boil water)
Transitive verbs call for both the subject (agent) and the object (the thing that’s being acted upon)
たけしさんが電気をつけました。
たけしさんがおゆをわかしました。
Intransitive
あく (something opens)
しまる (something closes)
はいる (something goes in)
でる (something goes out)
つく (something turns on)
きえる (something turns off)
こわれる (something breaks)
よごれる (something gets dirty)
おちる (something drops)
わく (water boils)
Intransitive verbs call only for the subject (the thing or person that goes through the change)
でんきがつきました。
おゆがわきました。
When followed by ている, transitive verbs refer to actions in progress
メアリーさんはまどをあけています。(is opening)
ともさんは電気をけしています。(is turning off)
ゴジラが町をこわしています。(is destroying/breaking)
When followed by ている, intransitive verbs refer to states that hold true after the change takes place (not a momentary change of state)
まどがあいています。(is open)
でんきがきえています。(is off)
このパソコはこわれています。(is broken)
てしまう has two meanings:
Indication that one “carries out with determination” a plan described by the verb
In other words, doing something completely, or finish doing something, or have something done
本を読んでしまいました。
Indication of the “lack of premeditation or control over how things turn out”, often coming with a sense of regret
In other words, something regrettable happens, or you do something which you didn’t intend to
電車の中にかばんををわすれてしまいました。
Due to their similarities, distinguishing the nuance between the two meanings depends on how the speaker’s tone/the context of the situation
In speech, てしまう・でしまう are often contracted to ちゃう・じゃう respectively
食べてしまった・たべちゃった
食べてしまいました・たべちゃいました
飲んでしまいました・飲んじゃいました
飲んでしまった・飲んじゃった
てしまう cannot be used with negatives
The short form present of a predicate + と means whenever the situation described by the predicate holds true, another thing happens. In most と sentences the first clause describes the cause, and the second describes the effect → clause Aとclause B (whenever A, B too)
私はその人と話すと元気になる。
メアリーさんが国に帰るとさびしくなります。
While the clause that comes before と is always present tense, the second clause can be in present or past tense, but the event described by the second clause must follow the event described in the first
When including an adjective idea in the second clause, it’s usually expressed as a change
い-adj base + くなる
秋になるときが赤くなります。
な-adj base + になる
夜になると町がしずかになります。
Two verbs can be connected to imply they’re being performed simultaneously by taking the stem form of the verb and adding ながら
私はいつも音楽をききながら日本語を勉強します。
Note that the two verbs used must be performed by the same person
ばよかったです means I wish I had done or I should have done something. You can use it to describe an alternative action, that to your regret, didn’t take
Affirmative: ばよかった → wish I had done
Negative: なければよかった → wish I hadn’t done
informal form: なきゃよかった
All verbs can be regularly turned into a ばよかった sentence with no exceptions or irregularity
take the stem form and move add え
よみ → よめば
はなし → はなせば
あそび → あそべば