AP Psych Unit 6

Stability and change across lifespan

Nature and nurture

Continuous and discontinuous

Longitudinal studies

Cross-sectional studies

Teratogens influence on physical/psychological prenatal development

Fine and gross motor coordination

Physical development and maturation

Habituation

Infant reflexes: Rooting

Visual cliff for depth perception

Critical and sensitive periods (specifically language)

Imprinting

Adolescent physical development

Puberty- primary and secondary sex characteristics

Menarche

Spermarche

Menopause

Overall physical decline later in life (mobility, flexibility, reaction time, visual/auditory acuity)

Topic 3.4 Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan

Piaget’s theory

Schema (assimilation and accommodation)

Sensorimotor stage

• Object permanence

Preoperational stage

• Mental symbols

• Pretend play

• Conservation (lack of)

• Reversibility (inability at this stage)

• Egocentrism

• Animism

• Theory of mind

Concrete operational stage 

• logical, realistic, straightforward thinking

• Conservation has been mastered

Formal operational stage

• Abstract and hypothetical thinking

Vygotsky’s view on cognitive development 

• Scaffolding

• Sociocultural context of learning

• Zone of proximal development

Cognitive changes as we age

• Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence

• Dementia

Topic 3.5 Communication and Language

Phonemes

Morphemes

Semantics 

Grammar

Syntax

Universal language stages

• Cooing

• Babbling

• One-word speech

• Telegraphic speech

Overgeneralization of language rules

Topic 3.6 Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan

Ecological systems theory

• Microsystem

• Mesosystem

• Exosystem

• Macrosystem

• Chronosystem

Parenting styles

• Authoritarian

• Authoritative

• Permissive

Attachment styles

• Secure

• Insecure

  • Avoidant

  • Anxious

  • Disorganized

Temperament

Separation anxiety

Attachment- contact comfort vs. food (Harlow’s study)

Parallel and pretend play with peers

Adolescent thinking

• Adolescent egocentrism

• Imaginary audience

• Personal fable

Social clock

Cellular clock theory

Wear and tear theory

Emerging adulthood

Psychosocial stages (Erikson)

• Trust and  mistrust

• Autonomy and shame and doubt

• Initiative and guilt

• Industry and inferiority

• Identity and role confusion

• Intimacy and isolation

• Generativity and stagnation

• Integrity and despair

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

Identity Statuses (James Marcia)

• Achievement

• Diffusion

• Foreclosure

• Moratorium

Racial/ethnic identity

Sexual orientation

Religious identity

Occupational identity

Familial identity

Possible selves